Question 1

It is projected that by ________, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly one-third of Canada's total population.

Accepted Answer

A

Question 2

It is projected that by 2036, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly ________ per cent of Canada's total population

Accepted Answer

According to Statistics Canada, it is projected that by 2036, visible minorities will account for about one-third (33%) of Canada's total population. This is due to both immigration and higher birth rates among visible minority groups.

Question 3

In the absence of official crime statistics on immigration, race, and ethnicity in Canada, the media represent racialized youth as ________.

Accepted Answer

The media often represent racialized youth as both violent and in need of help, as they are more likely to be portrayed as criminals and also as victims of social issues such as poverty and gang violence. However, there is no evidence to support the portrayal of these youth as inherently dangerous.

Question 4

A visible minority is an official term for persons who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour and ________.

Accepted Answer

The term "visible minority" in Canada specifically excludes Indigenous persons, as they are recognized as a distinct group.

Question 5

The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

According to the 2016 census, South Asians (which includes those of East Indian, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan origin) made up the largest visible minority group in Canada, accounting for 25.1% of the visible minority population. Chinese Canadians came in second at 20.5%. African Canadians made up 3.5%, Latin Americans made up 2.6%, and Indians made up 1.5%.

Question 6

The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as South Asian followed by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

According to the 2016 census, the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada after South Asian was Chinese. The other options listed (Japanese, Latino, Filipino, Mexican) did not make up as large a proportion of the visible minority population as South Asian and Chinese.

Question 7

What percent of immigrants who come to Canada reside in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal?

Accepted Answer

Approximately 70% of immigrants who come to Canada choose to reside in the major cities of Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal, reflecting the concentration of economic opportunities, communities, and services in these urban centers.

Question 8

Which Canadian city has the highest visible minority population?

Accepted Answer

According to Statistics Canada's 2016 Census, Toronto has the highest visible minority population with 51.5% of the population identifying as a visible minority.

Question 9

In 2016, about what percentage of the all Canadian children under the age of 15 were either foreign-born or had at least one foreign born parent?

Accepted Answer

In 2016, approximately 37 per cent of all Canadian children under the age of 15 were either foreign-born themselves or had at least one foreign-born parent, reflecting Canada's strong immigrant population and its impact on the demographic composition of the country.

Question 10

In a study of self-reported survey data by youth in Toronto, Bersani (2014) reported that foreign-born youth reported a ________ rate of engagement in criminal activities compared to the Canadian born youth of immigrant parents.

Accepted Answer

The word "foreign-born" suggests that the youth being referred to were born outside of Canada. The study found that these foreign-born youth reported a significantly lower rate of engagement in criminal activities compared to Canadian-born youth of immigrant parents.

Question 11

Survey findings indicate that as foreign-born youths spend more time in Canada, their reported involvement with gangs ________.

Accepted Answer

The survey findings suggest that the longer foreign-born youths spend in Canada, the more likely they are to report involvement with gangs, indicating an increase over time.

Question 12

Which of the following are considered risk factors for youth gang involvement?

Accepted Answer

All of the above—poverty, substance abuse, school failure, and dysfunctional family—are considered risk factors for youth gang involvement. These factors are often interconnected and can create a cycle of negative influences on young people, making them more vulnerable to gang involvement. Addressing these risk factors through intervention and prevention programs can help reduce the attraction of gangs for youth.

Question 13

Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between ________ Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated...

Question 14

From January 2006 to March 2014, more than one in five victims of gang-related homicides in the province were ________.

Accepted Answer

According to the given time frame, the most frequent victims of gang-related homicides were South Asians/Indo-Canadians, as more than 20% of the victims belonged to this community. None of the other options are mentioned in the given information.

Question 15

The four sociological models used in the literature to explain the relation between immigration and crime are the importation model, the strain model, the cultural conflict model, and the ________ model.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The four sociological models used in the...

Question 16

Which model/hypothesis below contends that it is both differential involvement and differential treatment that produce racial disparities in criminal justice outcomes, with involvement potentially being more important at the earlier stages of the criminal justice process and selection impacting later processing?

Accepted Answer

The mixed model proposes that both differential involvement and differential treatment contribute to racial disparities in criminal justice outcomes, with involvement being a more important factor at the earlier stages of the process and selection impacting later processing.

Question 17

According to the ________ hypothesis, minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because they commit more crime, for long periods in their life, and they commit more serious crimes.

Accepted Answer

The differential involvement hypothesis suggests that minority youth are overrepresented in police interactions because they engage in more criminal activity than their non-minority counterparts. This is supported by research that shows that, on average, minority youth are more likely to engage in delinquent and criminal behavior, and are more likely to continue doing so into adulthood. This hypothesis is distinct from the differential selection hypothesis, which posits that the police are more likely to target minorities for enforcement actions regardless of their level of involvement in criminal activity.

Question 18

According to the _________ hypothesis, minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because of the actions of the police, including aggressive policing of high-crime neighbourhoods that also have large minority populations, and the targeting of certain crimes contributes to excessive police-citizen contacts, especially for Blacks.

Accepted Answer

The differential selection hypothesis suggests that the overrepresentation of minority youth in police encounters is due to the actions of the police, such as aggressive policing in high-crime areas with large minority populations and targeting specific crimes that lead to excessive police-citizen contacts, particularly among Black individuals. This contrasts with the differential involvement hypothesis, which attributes the overrepresentation to higher rates of offending among certain groups.

Question 19

In Canada, the government of Ontario has spent upwards of ________ a year on "hot spots" policing through the TAVIS initiative and the Provincial Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C because the passage states that the government of Ontario has spent upwards of $5 million a year on "hot spots" policing through the TAVIS initiative and the Provincial Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy.

Question 20

According to Toronto Police Service data, between 2008 and mid-2011 the number of young black men aged 15 to 24 who were carded was approximately ________ their representation in the city's population.

Accepted Answer

The data indicated that young black men aged 15 to 24 were carded at a rate approximately 3.5 times their representation in the city's population.

Quiz 12: Racialized Youth Crime and Justice in Canada