Deck 3: Developmental Psychology

Question 1

In Samuel and Bryant's study, conservation is best defined as the ability to:

A)Look after the natural environment
B)Communicate with children of a similar age
C)Understand that a person in a different location will have a different view of a scene
D)Understand that changes in the appearance of an object do not affect, for example, its mass or volume
E)Understand that an object continues to exist even when it is out of sight Incorrect

Answer 1

D

Question 2

How was the DV measured in Samuel and Bryant's study?

A)Age of the child
B)Mean number of errors in the post-transformation question
C)The different materials - counters, liquid, plasticine
D)The number of participants
E)One-question or two-question condition

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is not a result of the Samuel and Bryant study?

A)Older children were better at conserving than younger children
B)The fixed-array condition was the most difficult
C)Conservation was better in the one question-condition than in the standard two-question condition.
D)There were differences in the ability to conserve according to the material
E)Children under six could not conserve

Answer 3

E

Question 4

In what order are children likely to be able to conserve different materials?

A)Mass, number then volume
B)Volume, mass, then number
C)Number, mass then volume
D)Volume, number then mass
E)Number, volume then mass

Question 5

What was the purpose of the fixed-array condition in the Samuel and Bryant study?

A)To see whether asking only one question increased the ability to conserve
B)To prevent children being confused by the transformation
C)To find out which children prefer the number (counter) condition
D)To show that children who coped successfully with the other conditions did so because they used information from the pre-transformation display
E)To see which children could not conserve

Question 6

How many participants took part in the Samuel and Bryant study?

A)252
B)152
C)202
D)52
E)102

Question 7

Samuel and Bryant's study is a replication and extension of a study by Rose and Blank. They wanted to replicate Rose and Blank because Rose and Blank:

A)Only used boys in their study
B)Had inconclusive results
C)Only used one age group and only one material
D)Conducted their study a long time before and the results might be different now
E)Did not use enough controls in their study

Question 8

In the Bandura, Ross and Ross study, what was the average age of the participants?

A)5.2 years
B)52 weeks
C)5.2 months
D)52 years
E)52 months

Question 9

Social Learning Theory says that humans:

A)Imitate the behaviour we observe in others
B)Like communicating with each other
C)Are naturally aggressive
D)Learn how to behave from talking to people
E)Have shared conceptions and attitudes

Question 10

The aggressive model in Bandura, Ross and Ross's study:

A)Was a child who was aggressive towards a bobo doll
B)Was a child who shouted aggressive words
C)Was an adult who was aggressive towards a bobo doll
D)Was a bobo doll who was aggressive to some tinker toys
E)Was a fashion model who dressed up as a bobo dol

Question 11

In Phase 2 of the Bandura, Ross and Ross's study, why did an experimenter stop the children from playing with attractive toys after a couple of minutes?

A)The toys were expensive and the researchers did not want them to get broken
B)The children needed a short activity between seeing the model and being observed for aggression
C)The toys were reserved for other children
D)The researchers wanted to see if the children in the aggressive condition would be more likely to argue than the children in the other conditions
E)It was necessary to mildly provoke them so that they would not be inhibited from displaying aggressive behaviour

Question 12

Which of the following was not an 'aggressive' toy in the final room, Phase 3 of Bandura Ross and Ross's study?

A)A toy sword
B)A 3-foot bobo doll
C)A toy mallet
D)A dart gun Incorrect
E)A tether ball

Question 13

Which of the following was not found in Bandura, Ross and Ross's study?

A)Females imitated verbal aggression more than males
B)Children were surprised by the aggressive female model's behaviou
C)Females were less likely to imitate the same-sex model than males
D)Males showed more aggression than females
E)Children in the non-aggressive condition were more likely to be non-aggressive

Question 14

In Bandura, Ross and Ross's study aggressive behaviour was measured by observation through a one-way mirror, where (mainly) the male model recorded the child's behaviour every 5 seconds for 20 minutes. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of observing in this way?

A)Children behave just as they want to as they do not know they are being observed
B)It is very difficult to write down a behaviour every 5 seconds
C)It is unethical because children do not know they are being observed
D)In some cases, the male model would have known which condition the child was in and this may have affected how he recorded their behaviour
E)It is very difficult to code a behaviour accurately so quickly

Question 15

Why did Freud think that horses represented Hans' father?

A)Horses are strong like Hans' father
B)Horses have tails
C)Hans had seen a horse fall down and die and he was scared his father would do the same
D)The black around horses' mouths and blinkers were symbols of Hans' father's moustache and glasses
E)Hans was scared a horse would bite him and he feared his father would do the same

Question 16

How did Freud interpret Hans' plumber fantasy?

A)Hans thought the plumber would fix the bath so he would no longer fear drowning
B)Hans thought that plumbers brought babies Incorrect
C)Hans was scared of plumbers
D)Hans had now overcome his Oedipus complex
E)Hans was now identifying with his father by wanting a widdler like his father

Question 17

According to Freud and Freudian theory, when Hans resolved his Oedipus complex, this would:

A)Develop his id Incorrect
B)Develop his ego
C)Destroy his superego
D)Destroy his id
E)Develop his superego

Question 18

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of Freud's study of Hans?

A)Freud only met Hans on a couple of occasions
B)Most of Freud's data was biased because it was reported by Hans' father
C)Freud studied Hans over a long period of time Correct
D)Freud 'tested' his whole theory of child development on just one child
E)Freud sometimes used leading questions

Question 19

According to Freud, Hans was in love with:

A)His father
B)A horse
C)His mother
D)Having baths
E)His sister

Question 20

Which of the following was Hans not scared of:

A)Eating lumf
B)Laden carts
C)Castration
D)Drowning in the bath
E)Horses

Question 21

In Samuel and Bryant's study, conservation is best defined as the ability to:

A)Understand that changes in the appearance of an object do not affect, for example, its mass or volume
B)Communicate with children of a similar age
C)Understand that a person in a different location will have a different view of a scene
D)Understand that an object continues to exist even when it is out of sight
E)Look after the natural environment

Question 22

How was the DV measured in Samuel and Bryant's study?

A)Age of the child
B)Mean number of errors in the post-transformation question
C)The different materials - counters, liquid, plasticine
D)The number of participants
E)One-question or two-question condition

Question 23

Samuel and Bryant's study is a replication and extension of a study by Rose and Blank. They wanted to replicate Rose and Blank because Rose and Blank:

A)Did not use enough controls in their study
B)Had inconclusive results
C)Conducted their study a long time before and the results might be different now
D)Only used boys in their study
E)Only used one age group and only one material

Question 24

The aggressive model in Bandura, Ross and Ross' study:

A)Was a Bobo doll who was aggressive to some tinker toys
B)Was a child who was aggressive towards a Bobo doll
C)Was an adult who was aggressive towards a Bobo doll
D)Was a fashion model who dressed up as a Bobo doll
E)Was a child who shouted aggressive words

Question 25

In Phase 2 of Bandura, Ross and Ross' study, why did an experimenter stop the children from playing with attractive toys after a couple of minutes?

A)It was necessary to mildly provoke them so that they would not be inhibited from displaying aggressive behaviour
B)The toys were expensive and the researchers did not want them to get broken
C)The toys were reserved for other children
D)The children needed a short activity between seeing the model and being observed for aggression
E)The researchers wanted to see if the children in the aggressive condition would be more likely to argue than the children in the other conditions

Question 26

Which of the following was not an 'aggressive' toy in the final room, Phase 3 of Bandura Ross and Ross' study?

A)A tether ball
B)A 3-foot bobo doll
C)A toy mallet
D)A toy sword
E)A dart gun

Question 27

Which of the following was not found in Bandura, Ross and Ross' study?

A)Females were less likely to imitate the same-sex model than males
B)Females imitated verbal aggression more than males
C)Males showed more aggression than females
D)Children in the non-aggressive condition were more likely to be non-aggressive
E)Children were surprised by the aggressive female model's behaviour

Question 28

In Bandura, Ross and Ross' study aggressive behaviour was measured by observation through a one-way mirror, where (mainly) the male model recorded the child's behaviour every 5 seconds for 20 minutes. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of observing in this way?

A)In some cases, the male model would have known which condition the child was in and this may have affected how he recorded their behaviour
B)It is unethical because children do not know they are being observed
C)It is very difficult to write down a behaviour every 5 seconds
D)It is very difficult to code a behaviour accurately so quickly
E)Children behave just as they want to as they do not know they are being observed

Question 29

Why did Freud think that horses represented Hans' father?

A)Hans was scared a horse would bite him and he feared his father would do the same
B)Horses are strong like Hans' father
C)Hans had seen a horse fall down and die and he was scared his father would do the same
D)The black around horses' mouths and blinkers were symbols of Hans' father's moustache and glasses
E)Horses have tails

Question 30

How did Freud interpret Hans' plumber fantasy?

A)Hans was now identifying with his father by wanting a widdler like his father
B)Hans was scared of plumbers
C)Hans thought that plumbers brought babies
D)Hans thought the plumber would fix the bath so he would no longer fear drowning
E)Hans had now overcome his Oedipus complex

Question 31

According to Freud, Hans resolved his Oedipus complex by:

A)Talking about it at length
B)Identifying with his father
C)Overcoming his fear of horses
D)Writing to Freud about it
E)Developing a hatred of his mother

Question 32

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of Freud's study of Hans?

A)Freud only met Hans on a couple of occasions
B)Freud studied Hans over a long period of time
C)Most of Freud's data was biased because it was reported by Hans' father
D)Freud sometimes used leading questions
E)Freud 'tested' his whole theory of child development on just one child

Question 33

The developmental approach is sometimes criticised because:

A)It does not focus enough on childhood
B)It focuses too heavily on childhood
C)It focuses too heavily on adulthood
D)It relies too much on attachment theory to explain behaviour
E)It is hard to define exactly what a child is

Question 34

In Phase 2 of Bandura's study, the attractive toys the child was not allowed to play with included:

A)Potato prints and a tinker toy
B)An Xbox 360 and a PSP
C)A London bus and a tea set
D)A fighter plane and a baby's crib
E)A Bobo doll and a mallet

Question 35

In Phase 3 of Bandura's study, researchers noted:

A)Copied behaviours only
B)Facial expressions
C)Copied behaviours and aggressive behaviours
D)Aggressive behaviours only
E)Only behaviours directed at the Bobo doll

Question 36

Bandura's results showed that boys:

A)Copied the female model more
B)Copied the male model more
C)Showed more verbal aggression
D)Showed less physical aggression
E)Hit the Bobo doll more

Question 37

Denial, depression and regression are examples of:

A)Ego defence mechanisms
B)The Oedipus complex
C)Psychosexual stages
D)Phobias
E)Little Hans' fantasies

Question 38

Hans' reference to 'my nonsense' referred to:

A)His giraffe dream
B)His secret desire for his sister to drown
C)His fear of a horse and cart
D)His sexual desire for his mother
E)His fear of a white horse

Question 39

In Hans' dreams, fantasies and phobias, his father was represented by:

A)A small giraffe and a plumber
B)A large giraffe and a white horse
C)The stork and 'lumf'
D)Himself
E)Freud and the horse with the cart

Question 40

Freud concluded that:

A)Hans was a 'little Oedipus' but his phobias were abnormal
B)Hans did not have an Oedipus complex but his phobias were normal
C)Hans was a 'little Oedipus' and his phobias were normal
D)His ideas about infant sexuality were not supported
E)Hans' phobias were invented to please his father

Question 41

Psychoanalysis is:

A)A counsellor analysing your thoughts and telling you what to do next
B)A counsellor analysing your dreams
C)Hypnosis
D)A way of interpreting thoughts so that an individual can understand them himself/herself
E)A way of investigating psychology in a laboratory

Question 42

In Phase 1 of Bandura's study, the adult either:

A)Played quietly or beat up the Bobo doll
B)Beat up the Bobo doll or shouted at the child
C)Played quietly or left the room
D)Left the room or made potato prints
E)Beat up the Bobo doll or drew a picture

Question 43

In Bandura's study, a 'model' is:

A)The experimenter
B)Someone who exhibited behaviours a child may later copy
C)Bandura himself
D)A cardboard cut-out of an adult
E)Someone who gave the child toys

Question 44

According to Brazelton's research, cultural differences in newborn babies exist because:

A)The weather is different in different countries
B)They copy their siblings
C)Adults have different expectations of them
D)They are treated in different ways from birth
E)They have different genes

Question 45

By 'conservation', Piaget meant:

A)The ability to recognise that something has stayed the same even though it looks different
B)The ability to line up counters successfully
C)An awareness of green issues
D)Using intuition to answer questions about quantities
E)The ability to communicate effectively

Question 46

A criticism of Piaget's method was that:

A)The children were unfamiliar with the apparatus involved in the task
B)The children were not at the appropriate cognitive stage to answer the question correctly
C)The children were confused by his asking the same question twice
D)The children all copied each other's answers
E)The children had all done the tests before

Question 47

In the one-judgment condition:

A)The children were asked one question before they saw the change
B)The children were only allowed to ask the researcher one question about the task
C)A judgement was made about the child's cognitive stage
D)The children were asked one question after they had seen the object change
E)A judgement was made about which task the child should do

Question 48

Samuel and Bryant's results showed that:

A)Children made fewer errors the younger they were
B)Children made fewer errors on the number task than on the volume or mass tasks
C)The fixed array condition was pointless
D)Children performed better in the two-question condition
E)Children could not conserve very well

Question 49

How many tasks did each child carry out in Samuel and Bryant's study

A)15
B)10
C)12
D)1
E)2

Question 50

Rose and Blank's previous experiment was similar to Samuel and Bryant's because:

A)they tested 6 year olds on the counters task
B)They tested 8 year olds on the water task
C)They tested 5 year olds on the plasticine task
D)They tested a variety of ages of children on all tasks
E)They tested 7 year olds on the counter and number tasks

Question 51

Learning by copying others' observed behaviours is known as:

A)Theory of Observed Learning
B)Copying Theory
C)Imitation Theory
D)Social Observation Theory
E)Social Learning Theory

Question 52

Hans' father asked him 'And you used to think that you yourself were the daddy?' This is a leading question because:

A)Little Hans could say anything he wanted in response
B)It is a very open question
C)It suggests that the questioner is expecting a particular response
D)It only has two answers
E)Little Hans is leading the conversation himself