Question 1

In Samuel and Bryant's study, conservation is best defined as the ability to:

Accepted Answer

Samuel and Bryant's study defined conservation as the ability to understand that changes in the appearance of an object do not affect its mass, volume, or number. This includes the understanding that, for example, pouring water from a short, wide glass into a tall, skinny glass does not change the amount of water present.

Question 2

How was the DV measured in Samuel and Bryant's study?

Accepted Answer

The DV in Samuel and Bryant's study was measured by the mean number of errors made by children in the post-transformation question. This was the variable of interest that was being measured and compared between the one-question and two-question conditions.

Question 3

Which of the following is not a result of the Samuel and Bryant study?

Accepted Answer

The Samuel and Bryant study did not conclude that children under six could not conserve. In fact, they found that some younger children were able to conserve in certain conditions.

Question 4

In what order are children likely to be able to conserve different materials?

Accepted Answer

Children typically develop the ability to conserve number first, followed by mass, and then volume. This sequence reflects the increasing cognitive complexity required to understand each concept.

Question 5

What was the purpose of the fixed-array condition in the Samuel and Bryant study?

Accepted Answer

The purpose of the fixed-array condition in the Samuel and Bryant study was to show that children who coped successfully with the other conditions did so because they used information from the pre-transformation display. This condition allowed researchers to determine whether children were able to conserve based on their understanding of the relationship between the number and spacing of objects rather than relying on superficial features of the displays.

Question 6

How many participants took part in the Samuel and Bryant study?

Accepted Answer

The Samuel and Bryant study had a sample size of 252 participants, as stated in the article.

Question 7

Samuel and Bryant's study is a replication and extension of a study by Rose and Blank. They wanted to replicate Rose and Blank because Rose and Blank:

Accepted Answer

Samuel and Bryant wanted to extend the study by including multiple age groups and materials to avoid the limitations of Rose and Blank's study, which only used one age group and one material.

Question 8

In the Bandura, Ross and Ross study, what was the average age of the participants?

Accepted Answer

The study tested preschool children, ranging in age from 3 to 6 years old. The average age of the participants was 52 months, which is equivalent to 4.3 years. Therefore, the best choice is E, which represents 52 months.

Question 9

Social Learning Theory says that humans:

Accepted Answer

Social Learning Theory emphasizes that people learn by observation, imitation, and modeling the behavior of others.

Question 10

The aggressive model in Bandura, Ross and Ross's study:

Accepted Answer

The aggressive model in Bandura, Ross and Ross's study was an adult who demonstrated aggressive behavior towards a bobo doll, which was then observed by children to study the effects of observational learning on aggression.

Question 11

In Phase 2 of the Bandura, Ross and Ross's study, why did an experimenter stop the children from playing with attractive toys after a couple of minutes?

Accepted Answer

The experimenter stopped the children from playing with attractive toys after a couple of minutes to mildly provoke them so that they would not be inhibited from displaying aggressive behavior. This was necessary to ensure that any aggressive behavior observed would not be a result of inhibition due to the presence of attractive toys.

Question 12

Which of the following was not an 'aggressive' toy in the final room, Phase 3 of Bandura Ross and Ross's study?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following was not an...

Question 13

Which of the following was not found in Bandura, Ross and Ross's study?

Accepted Answer

In Bandura, Ross, and Ross's study, males imitated verbal aggression more than females, not the other way around.

Question 14

In Bandura, Ross and Ross's study aggressive behaviour was measured by observation through a one-way mirror, where (mainly) the male model recorded the child's behaviour every 5 seconds for 20 minutes. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of observing in this way?

Accepted Answer

Option A is not a disadvantage because observing without the participants' awareness can lead to more natural behavior, which is a benefit in research aiming to study genuine reactions.

Question 15

Why did Freud think that horses represented Hans' father?

Accepted Answer

Freud interpreted Hans' fear of horses as a projection of his unconscious fears and anxieties related to his relationship with his father. Specifically, he saw the black around horses' mouths and blinkers as representations of his father's moustache and glasses. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 16

How did Freud interpret Hans' plumber fantasy?

Accepted Answer

Freud interpreted Hans' plumber fantasy as a sign that Hans was identifying with his father, as he fantasized about having a larger "widdler" like his father's, indicating a resolution of the Oedipus complex.

Question 17

According to Freud and Freudian theory, when Hans resolved his Oedipus complex, this would:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, resolving the Oedipus complex involves the development of the superego, which occurs when the child internalizes the values and morals of their same-sex parent. This results in the child adopting a conscience and learning to feel guilty about acting on their primitive and selfish desires.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of Freud's study of Hans?

Accepted Answer

The statement "Freud studied Hans over a long period of time" is true and valid, so it is not a valid criticism of his study of Hans. The other options all highlight potential flaws or biases in Freud's study.

Question 19

According to Freud, Hans was in love with:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's analysis, Hans was experiencing the Oedipus complex, which involves a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent, in this case, his mother.

Question 20

Which of the following was Hans not scared of:

Accepted Answer

Hans was not scared of eating lumf; his fears were more related to castration, drowning, and horses, as interpreted in Freud's analysis of his phobias.

Quiz 3: Developmental Psychology