Deck 1: Introduction to Contemporary Psychotherapies for a Diverse World

Question 1

According to the textbook, a formal profession devoted to helping people with psychological problems was begun _________ years ago.

A) almost 1,000
B) around 500
C) nearly 300
D) a little more than 100
E) about 50

Answer 1

a little more than 100

Question 2

As a practitioner in one of the helping professions, you will be expected to

A) develop your own theory of counseling and psychotherapy.
B) know not only about theories of counseling and psychotherapy, but about how they are relevant to and effective with diverse clients.
C) be able to teach counseling and psychotherapy theory to your clients.
D) be a master of at least two counseling theories.
E) employ your chosen theoretical orientation with your mainstream clients but ignore theory when working with diverse clients.

Answer 2

know not only about theories of counseling and psychotherapy, but about how they are relevant to and effective with diverse clients.

Question 3

Things such as socio-cultural values, political movements, historical events, and economic factors are known as the _________________ within which counseling theories originate.

A) factors
B) schools
C) contexts
D) frameworks
E) boundaries

Answer 3

contexts

Question 4

Which were the only two major approaches to psychotherapy that existed in the first half of the 20th century?

A) Jungian and Gestalt
B) Adlerian and Psychoanalytic
C) Person-centered and Adlerian
D) Psychoanalytic and Gestalt
E) Jungian and Person-centered

Question 5

Which of the following theorists published a book in 1951 that was considered by many to outline the first true theory of counseling?

A) Alfred Adler
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Fritz Perls
D) Carl Rogers
E) Abraham Maslow

Question 6

Joseph Wolpe's 1958 publication, Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition, introduced the profession to ______________________ therapy.

A) cognitive
B) humanistic
C) behavioral
D) existential
E) holistic

Question 7

Until recently revised, the major weakness of the predominant theories of counseling was that

A) they were developed by White males for predominantly White, heterosexual, middle-class clients.
B) the literature behind them was weak.
C) none of them had been closely examined through research.
D) they were developed by theorists with little formal education.
E) none of them were based upon practice.

Question 8

The _______________ approach has been broadened beyond its original focus on one particular oppressed group of people to include other culturally diverse groups who have been subject to oppression and discrimination.

A) group
B) feminist
C) contextual
D) multicultural
E) narrative

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a premise of family therapy?

A) Interpersonal dynamics that occur in the family are central.
B) One family member needs to be identified as "the client" for change to occur.
C) The socio-political context in which a family lives is crucial.
D) Recently developed forms of family therapy are closely aligned with the multicultural perspective that focuses on the individual in a cultural context.
E) No individual is the "source" of the problem.

Question 10

Psychotherapy is an endeavor for helping people deal with their psychological problems through a formal, more or less structured interaction between the person(s) seeking help and

A) a close friend.
B) a religious advisor.
C) a trained professional.
D) a family doctor.
E) a concerned family member.

Question 11

A statistical technique that allows researchers to pull together the results of many studies for comparison is known as

A) meta-analysis.
B) secondary research.
C) quasi-experimental research.
D) cross-analysis.
E) faux research.

Question 12

__________________________ consists of online sessions in which the questions posed to the client and the responses to the client's answers are computer-generated.

A) Electronic therapy
B) Computer-generated helping
C) High-tech helping
D) Cybercounseling
E) Virtual therapy

Question 13

Every psychotherapeutic approach has two components:

A) intervention and evaluation.
B) case conceptualization and practice.
C) practice and evaluation.
D) theory and case conceptualization.
E) theory and practice.

Question 14

The most fundamental difference among psychotherapies is their

A) theoretical orientation.
B) length of treatment.
C) client base.
D) training.
E) scope of practice.

Question 15

Many psychotherapists consider ____________________ and ________________ legitimate goals for counseling when particular psychological problems are not present.

A) relief of psychological distress; validation of problems
B) projection of weaknesses; transference of grief
C) validation of client issues; personal transformation
D) personal growth; gaining self-knowledge
E) suggesting problems; solving problems

Question 16

The overarching goal of personal therapy for counselors in training is to

A) test particular theories.
B) learn more about themselves.
C) practice self-disclosure.
D) create an awareness of severe underlying psychological issues.
E) enhance transference.

Question 17

In counseling, the three types of prevention of psychological problems are

A) internal, external, and systemic.
B) first order, second order, and third order.
C) primary, secondary, and tertiary.
D) upper, middle, and lower.
E) individual, family, and community.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the five most common strategies for change?

A) developing insight
B) engaging in adaptive behaviors
C) creating systemic change
D) entrenching cognitions
E) increasing awareness

Question 19

Which of the following is the most frequently employed change strategy?

A) developing insight
B) engaging in adaptive behaviors
C) creating systemic change
D) entrenching cognitions
E) increasing awareness

Question 20

Clients generally gain ___________________ insight before emotional insight.

A) cultural
B) internal
C) intellectual
D) physical
E) environmental

Question 21

Increased _________________ introduces people to choices and alternatives and, at the same time, may disrupt their level of contentment with life.

A) awareness
B) responsibility
C) opportunity
D) change
E) modeling

Question 22

In _________________ therapy, clients learn to accept responsibility for their behaviors and for the consequences of their behaviors.

A) rational-emotive
B) reality
C) gestalt
D) existential
E) feminist

Question 23

Psychotherapists differ in their emphasis on ________________ factors as contributors to clients' problems.

A) personal and social
B) cognitive and emotional
C) flowing and static
D) internal and external
E) blatant and subtle

Question 24

Internal factors contributing to clients' problems may be

A) trait or state.
B) static or flowing.
C) positive or negative.
D) individual or communal.
E) conscious or unconscious.

Question 25

___________________ factors contributing to clients' problems include the environmental and interpersonal contexts that influence clients' lives.

A) Psychotherapeutic
B) External
C) Personal
D) Core
E) Internal

Question 26

The relationship that develops between the client and therapist is a factor that influences the therapeutic __________________ in all psychotherapies.

A) approach
B) goal
C) process
D) duration
E) validity

Question 27

Therapies can be placed on a ___________ versus ____________ continuum.

A) process; outcome
B) internal; external
C) client-directed; counselor-directed
D) individual; societal
E) verbal; action

Question 28

__________________ therapy takes place in the client's everyday environment.

A) Cross-cultural
B) Social
C) In vivo
D) Experiential
E) In session

Question 29

Locus of time refers to

A) how long a therapeutic intervention lasts.
B) at what point in a client's life he or she seeks therapy.
C) how long a therapy session lasts.
D) the time frame that is examined in therapy (i.e., past or present).
E) the duration of change resulting from therapy.

Question 30

Classical psychoanalysis generally takes place over a period ranging from ___________ years.

A) one to five or more
B) six to 15
C) three to 12 or more
D) 10 to 20
E) six months to two

Question 31

Why has short-term therapy become the norm in recent years?

A) Advances in psychotherapeutic interventions have shortened the length of time needed.
B) Health insurance companies and managed care companies are most interested in cost-effective treatment.
C) Client issues are less complicated than in the past.
D) Therapists enter practice with better training.
E) As a society, our mental health is generally improving.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT identified in the textbook as a reason for the disparity in the ways that the effectiveness of therapy is evaluated?

A) Practitioners of different approaches vary in their belief in the importance of evaluation.
B) The client ultimately has control over whether therapy is evaluated and some clients refuse to participate in evaluation.
C) The definition of evaluation varies with therapists.
D) The extent to which practice is evaluated differs among therapists.
E) Methods used to evaluate effectiveness vary from the broad and subjective to the specific and objective.

Question 33

By the year 2050, European Americans will comprise only ___________ percent of the U.S. population.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50
E) 60

Question 34

Which of the following populations will see the largest increase in size (67 million) by the year 2050?

A) Latinos
B) Asian Americans
C) African Americans
D) Native Americans
E) European Americans

Question 35

Gerontological counseling will likely become more important in the future because the elderly population in the U.S. is growing _______ times faster than the general population.

A) 1.5
B) 2.0
C) 2.5
D) 3.0
E) 3.5

Question 36

Which of the following is expected to occur as a result of the changing demographics and a more diverse client base?

A) Counselors of color will be in abundance because of their exposure to therapy as clients.
B) Recruitment by training programs will focus exclusively on students of color.
C) More counselors of color will turn to articulating theories that better fit for diverse clientele.
D) The number of counselors of color will not be able to keep pace with the increasing proportion of diverse clients resulting in a continuation of a preponderance of White counselors providing service to diverse clients.
E) Most White therapists will become disillusioned with the complications of providing service to a diverse clientele and will leave the profession, resulting in a shortage of professional counselors.

Question 37

In which of the following ways is the American Counseling Association preparing counselors to work with diverse clientele?

A) The Association is lobbying Congress to enforce affirmative action legislation in the hiring of professional counselors in large mental health agencies.
B) All members of the national Association must attend one multicultural counseling training session every three years to maintain membership in the organization.
C) In 2002 the Association published a set of multicultural competencies that therapists are expected to have and that training programs must include in their curriculum.
D) Every year, the American Counseling Association offers four full-ride scholarships to minority students wishing to complete a counselor training program.
E) In the Association's bylaws it states that at least one regional president must be a counselor of color.

Question 38

The multicultural movement in the fields of counseling and psychology emerged during the period from

A) 1920 to 1930.
B) 1940 to 1950.
C) 1960 to 1970.
D) 1980 to 1990.
E) 2000 to the present.

Question 39

The authors of the textbook employ the term _______________ to refer to variations in ethnicity, race, age, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, educational level, religious and spiritual orientation, and physical ability.

A) multiculturalism
B) diversity
C) culture
D) cross-culturalism
E) pluralism

Question 40

When the term _______________ is applied to you as a psychotherapist, it means that you understand and respect the worldviews of culturally diverse clients and develop appropriate intervention strategies and techniques consistent with your clients' cultural identities.

A) tolerant
B) cross-cultural
C) universal
D) culturally relevant
E) culturally competent

Question 41

Which of the following must you do to achieve cultural competence as a counselor?

A) Become aware of your own worldview as well as the assumptions, values, and biases of the counseling approach you are using.
B) Participate in a counselor exchange program to experience a variant culture first-hand.
C) Complete at least six hours of graduate level coursework related to working with diverse clients.
D) Attend at least one continuing education workshop on multicultural counseling every two years.
E) Effectively provide services to four diverse clients and document that service in your professional portfolio.

Question 42

Those counselors adopting a _______________ perspective assume that sound counseling practice will work for anyone and need not vary in different cultural contexts.

A) multicultural
B) Euro-centric
C) culturally relative
D) cross-cultural
E) culturally universal

Question 43

Those counselors adopting a _______________ perspective argue for the use of culture-specific strategies in counseling and psychotherapy.

A) multicultural
B) Euro-centric
C) culturally relative
D) cross-cultural
E) culturally universal

Question 44

Choosing one's counseling approach is based upon which two factors?

A) complication and effectiveness
B) training and personality
C) culture and worldview
D) exposure and personal fit
E) simplicity and universality

Question 45

Your comfort level with a particular counseling approach is based on several factors, including

A) the amount of research supporting the approach.
B) how complicated the approach tends to be.
C) your personality characteristics.
D) how many of your colleagues are using the approach.
E) where you learned about the approach.

Question 46

According to the textbook, the most accurate barometer of whether or not a particular counseling approach "fits" you resides in your

A) training.
B) midsection.
C) clients' inclinations.
D) instructor's head.
E) colleagues' preferences.

Question 47

______________________ refers to the practice of drawing upon more than one counseling theory when working with clients.

A) Multi-facetism
B) Theoretical eclecticism
C) Haphazardism
D) Technical eclecticism
E) Sophistication

Question 48

______________________ refers to the practice of drawing upon a variety of counseling techniques when working with clients.

A) Multi-facetism
B) Theoretical eclecticism
C) Haphazardism
D) Technical eclecticism
E) Sophistication

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT identified in the textbook as a qualification for practicing eclecticism?

A) Formal training in more than one approach.
B) Competence in more than one approach.
C) An overarching theory to guide practice.
D) Extensive experience in psychotherapy.
E) Comfort with ambiguity.

Question 50

________________________ involves identifying the common elements in different approaches to psychotherapy and developing a new formal theoretical approach.

A) Eclecticism
B) Competence
C) Generativity
D) Integration
E) Proliferation

Question 51

The professional organization that was formed in 1983 to support psychotherapy integration is known as the

A) Society for Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration.
B) International Forum of Integrationists.
C) American Counseling Association for New Approaches.
D) Next Generation Psychotherapists.
E) Integrationists International.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT identified in the textbook as a barrier to psychotherapy integration?

A) The divergent perspectives of the many approaches.
B) Lack of a common language.
C) Lack of interest by professionals in the field.
D) Political battles among psychotherapists of differing approaches.
E) A belief by psychotherapists that their primary approach is "right."

Question 53

In order to overcome the barrier of a lack of common language, an international task force of therapists representing many approaches has set to the task of creating a dictionary titled

A) The Bible of Integration Psychotherapy.
B) The Integrationist's Encyclopedia.
C) Flowing Language for Integrationists.
D) Integration Psychotherapy Dictionary.
E) Common Language of Psychotherapy Procedures.

Question 54

Which two events at the end of World War II did much to advance the counseling profession?

Question 55

In what three ways do the newer therapies-feminist, family, and narrative-differ from the traditional approaches?

Question 56

What is considered the central focus of narrative therapy?

Question 57

List three unreliable sources from which people tend to learn about psychotherapy.

Question 58

List the four specific perspectives on psychological problems offered by every theoretical orientation.

Question 59

List the three benefits of learning more about yourself through counseling as a counselor in training.

Question 60

When do critics of counseling consider it especially egregious for counselors to provide their services solely for the purpose of clients' personal growth?

Question 61

Increasing clients' awareness is a major strategy for change in some psychotherapies. List three of the four areas of client awareness mentioned in the textbook.

Question 62

List and briefly define the two levels of evaluation that one can use to measure therapeutic effectiveness.

Question 63

List the four reasons for disparity in the ways that the effectiveness of therapy is evaluated.

Question 64

What does the textbook identify as the two stances that counselors tended to take with culturally diverse populations in the era of the multicultural movement?

Question 65

What are the four factors that influence a counselor's comfort with a particular approach?

Question 66

What are the four characteristics of each entry in the new integration psychotherapy dictionary?