Deck 6: Memory Processes, Consolidation, and Forgetting: Exploring the Complexities of Memory

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the three memory processes identified at the beginning of the text's discussion of memory?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) sensation
D) retrieval

Answer 1

sensation

Question 2

Sensory memory has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) visual information lasts less than a second.
B) it holds an exact image of each sensory experience.
C) the capacity is about seven plus or minus two chunks.
D) auditory information lasts about two or three seconds.

Answer 2

the capacity is about seven plus or minus two chunks.

Question 3

Robert just met a woman he feels attracted to and keeps saying her name over and over to himself to make sure he doesn't forget it. He is using __________ to keep this woman's name in __________memory.

A) elaborative rehearsal; long-term
B) selective repetition; sensory
C) repetitive rehearsal; short-term
D) selective attention; short-term

Answer 3

repetitive rehearsal; short-term

Question 4

Rehearsal serves to

A) keep information in short-term memory.
B) transfer information to long-term memory.
C) both of these options
D) none of these options

Question 5

Which of the following memory processes is LEAST likely involved when you look up a phone number, then turn to dial it?

A) reconstruction
B) rehearsal
C) chunking
D) encoding

Question 6

What is the goal of elaborative rehearsal?

A) to consider information
B) to organize information
C) to transfer information into long-term memory
D) All of these are goals of elaborative rehearsal

Question 7

Which of the following represents elaborative rehearsal strategies?

A) creating visual images based on the information to be remembered
B) making connections between the new information and information already in long-term memory
C) both of these options
D) none of these options

Question 8

The concept of working memory represents an alternative conceptualization of ___________memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) None of these-it is a proposed fourth memory system.

Question 9

Which of the following accurately describes the processing of information in working memory?

A) It contains distinct storage systems.
B) It requires cognitive resources-"mental energy," if you will.
C) both of these options
D) none of these options

Question 10

Cole knows that the capital of Canada is Ottawa. This is an example of a(n) __________ memory.

A) semantic
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) recognition

Question 11

Liz knows that "correlation does not mean causation". This is an example of a(n) __________memory.

A) episodic
B) declarative
C) procedural
D) recognition

Question 12

The hippocampus plays a role in memory consolidation. Think back to the three memory processes described at the beginning of the chapter. It is probably most accurate to say that the hippocampus is more involved in __________ than in __________.

A) retrieval; encoding or storage
B) storage; encoding
C) encoding and storage; retrieval
D) storage and retrieval; encoding

Question 13

The search for engrams has been largely fruitless because

A) there is no single site or process for memory in the brain.
B) any given memory involves many simultaneous brain processes and locations.
C) both of these options
D) none of these options

Question 14

An essay question is a(n) _________ test of memory.

A) recognition
B) recall
C) objective
D) projective

Question 15

A multiple-choice question is a _________ test of memory.

A) recognition
B) recall
C) subjective
D) projective

Question 16

The __________ model of memory suggests that a deeper analysis of meaning enables you to improve long-term memory.

A) consolidation
B) semantic processing
C) episodic processing
D) levels of processing

Question 17

Levels-of-processing theory suggests that shallow processing is to deep processing as __________ is to__________.

A) physical characteristics; semantic content
B) repetitive rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 18

Implicit memory is involved in

A) skills that operate automatically.
B) our first impressions of others.
C) prejudice and discrimination.
D) All of these

Question 19

Studies investigating priming effects exemplify which form of memory?

A) explicit
B) declarative
C) procedural
D) implicit

Question 20

Your text suggests that the correlation between scores on an explicit memory test and those on an implicit memory test of the same material would probably be

A) low.
B) negative.
C) high.
D) positive.

Question 21

Previous exposure to a stimulus that later makes it easier to recall related information even when there is no conscious memory of the exposure is called

A) declarative memory.
B) primary processing.
C) unconscious coding.
D) priming.

Question 22

People's memories of the moment in which they learned about events, such as the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center are termed __________ memories.

A) snapshot
B) flashbulb
C) photocopy
D) carbon copy

Question 23

Flashbulb memories are often

A) incomplete.
B) inaccurate.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 24

The more unusual and personally relevant an event is

A) the more accurate is our memory of it.
B) the more likely we are to retrieve a memory of it.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 25

A researcher varies the distinctiveness of a staged event to which participants are exposed in the lab; in a later session, participants are asked to recall the event. Which of the following predictions should the researcher make, based on the results of existing research?

A)Participants should be more likely to recall distinctive than nondistinctive events; in addition, their. memories for distinctive events should be more accurate than their memories for nondistinctive events.
B)Participants should be more likely to recall distinctive than nondistinctive events; however, their. memories for distinctive events should be less accurate than their memories for nondistinctive events.
C)Participants should be more likely to recall distinctive than nondistinctive events; their memories for. distinctive events, though, should be no more accurate than their memories for nondistinctive events.
D)Participants should be no more likely to recall distinctive than nondistinctive events; in addition, their. memories for distinctive events should be no more accurate than their memories for nondistinctive events.

Question 26

Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled are known as

A) memory modules.
B) semantic networks.
C) schemas.
D) interference modules.

Question 27

Schemas influence the way information is

A) encoded.
B) stored.
C) retrieved.
D) All of these

Question 28

According to research, when eyewitnesses are highly confident about the accuracy of their memories, they likely

A) make no errors.
B) make few errors.
C) make significant errors.
D) are lying about their level of confidence.

Question 29

Your text states, "When a . . . perpetrator displays a [weapon], it acts like a perceptual magnet . . . ." This statement suggests that a weapon's effect on eyewitness memory occurs mainly during

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) all of these options

Question 30

Why may children be particularly unreliable eyewitnesses?

A) They are more susceptible than are adults to the leading questions of law enforcement and legal professionals.
B) They are more dramatically influenced by emotional or stressful events than are adults.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 31

Memories that are pushed into the unconscious mind because they are too shocking or upsetting are labelled as

A) false.
B) distorted.
C) repressed.
D) distinctive.

Question 32

In general, different types of psychologists have different opinions regarding the validity of repressed memories. Which statement below is MOST accurate?

A) Both clinical and academic psychologists generally endorse the idea of repressed memory.
B) Both clinical and academic psychologists generally doubt that repressed memories are real.
C) Clinical psychologists generally endorse the idea of repressed memory; academic psychologists tend to doubt the validity of repressed memories.
D) Clinical psychologists generally doubt the validity of repressed memories; academic psychologists tend to endorse the notion of repressed memory.

Question 33

Our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives are referred to as

A) biographical memories.
B) autobiographical memories.
C) flashback memories.
D) flashbulb memories.

Question 34

According to your text, one of Ebbinghaus's key __________ variables was __________.

A) dependent; recall accuracy
B) dependent; ease of relearning
C) independent; recall accuracy
D) independent; ease of relearning

Question 35

__________ of previously mastered material is almost always faster than starting from nothing.

A) Recalling
B) Reacquisition
C) Relearning
D) Regrouping

Question 36

According to your text, which theory of forgetting has the LEAST empirical research support?

A) decay
B) interference
C) cue-dependent
D) Neither the interference theory nor the cue-dependent forgetting theory has received much empirical support.

Question 37

In __________ interference, information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently.

A) retroactive
B) proactive
C) regressive
D) progressive

Question 38

In __________ interference, recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier.

A) retroactive
B) proactive
C) regressive
D) progressive

Question 39

Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Owen is experiencing __________ interference.

A) retrograde
B) proactive
C) anterograde
D) retroactive

Question 40

Completing a rental application, Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses, as she's had several addresses since. Pippa is experiencing __________ interference.

A) retrograde
B) anterograde
C) proactive
D) retroactive

Question 41

In __________ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident.

A) retrograde
B) anterograde
C) retroactive
D) proactive

Question 42

In __________ amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident.

A) retrograde
B) anterograde
C) retroactive
D) proactive

Question 43

Omar cannot remember the events that led up to the motorcycle accident that injured his brain. Omar's amnesia is best described as

A) proactive.
B) anterograde.
C) retroactive.
D) retrograde.

Question 44

Alzheimer's disease is the __________ cause of disability among adults in Canada aged 65 and older.

A) leading
B) second leading
C) third leading
D) none of these options

Question 45

Keith has Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following is he most likely to forget in early stages of the disease?

A) how to tie his shoes
B) how to shift gears in his car
C) his next doctor's appointment
D) how to use a telephone

Question 46

Your text suggests that to better remember course material you might make use of organizational aids; you might also take fewer notes but think more carefully about those you do take. These suggestions make sense in light of

A) levels-of-processing theory.
B) the benefits of elaborative rehearsal.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 47

Your textbook lists several techniques for improving memory. Which of the following is NOT included?

A) keywords
B) use interference
C) organizational cues
D) elaborative rehearsal

Question 48

Continuing to study and rehearse material after you think you already know it

A) is a waste of time.
B) creates retroactive interference.
C) creates better organizational cues.
D) is an effective strategy called overlearning.

Question 49

John Turtle and colleagues suggest poor eyewitness testimony may be due to which of the following?

A) memory acquisition
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) all of these options

Question 50

Alzheimer's disease affects approximately ________ people in Canada.

A) 125,000
B) 250,000
C) 500,000
D) 1 million

Question 51

In one view of memory recall, knowledge is stored in __________, which are mental representations ofclusters of interconnected information.

Question 52

The __________ is the physical memory trace that corresponds to a memory.

Question 53

The part of the limbic system that is especially involved in emotional memories is the __________.

Question 54

The legitimacy of unconscious or __________ memories remains controversial in mainstreampsychology.

Question 55

Autobiographical memories are most directly a subset of __________ memories.

Question 56

Ebbinghaus reported that forgetting is initially very rapid, but after nine hours the rate of forgetting___________.

Question 57

The decay theory of forgetting has received __________ research support than has either the interferenceor cue-dependent forgetting theories.

Question 58

John Turtle believes that eyewitnesses may have difficulty _______ information because of interferencefrom other information in their long-term memory.

Question 59

Stephen Lindsay and colleagues found that video evidence may provide imagery that can lead to________.

Question 60

Review your text's discussion of retrieval cues, recognition vs. recall, and levels of processing. How might you use this knowledge to study more effectively for your college courses?