Deck 11: Sibling Relationships and Situations

Question 1

A small child who has a new sibling is less likely to experience parental divorce than one who has no sibling.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

With the arrival of the second child the mother's parenting style becomes more punitive

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Small children with a content and sunny disposition react negatively to the arrival of a newborn sibling.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Females begin their function of kin-keepers at an early age.

Question 5

Sibling adults tend to have a warmer relationship with a sibling with a mental illness than with a sibling with an intellectual deficit.

Question 6

The more males are valued in a culture, the greater the difference in parental treatment between boys and girls.

Question 7

There are very large correlations between various child outcomes and parents' socialization practices.

Question 8

Families can provide a more powerful shared environment to their children through the process of collective socialization in a functional community.

Question 9

Twin studies are more valid using twins reared separately in different families as subjects than twins reared in the same family.

Question 10

Because of the power of genes and the nonshared environment, parents are largely irrelevant to their children' development.

Question 11

Genetics play a role in the development of the familial environment.

Question 12

Collective socialization is a far more powerful agent of
socialization than isolated parental efforts at home.

Question 13

External environmental forces counteracting parental influence are today far more powerful in child socialization than they were a century ago.

Question 14

With the arrival of the second child,

A) parents are more likely to divorce.
B) parents' salaries generally increase.
C) the mother's parenting style toward the older child may become less warm.
D) the older child is more likely to do well in school.
E) the older child matures rapidly.

Question 15

When children are closely spaced, on average

A) they do less well in terms of school achievement.
B) they are less likely to experience sibling rivalry.
C) they receive more parental attention individually.
D) they are better supervised.
E) they develop more quickly due to their interaction with another sibling.

Question 16

The concept used to explain the negative effect of a large family size on children's educational achievements is that of

A) the lowering of human capital.
B) downward social mobility.
C) the dilution of parental resources.
D) family stressors.
E) a decrease in social capital.

Question 17

A consequence of family size for upper-class parents is that

A) smaller family sizes are associated with juvenile delinquency.
B) larger families are unable to provide basic needs for their children.
C) parents are less focused on their careers and more focused on their child's needs.
D) upper-class parents provide fewer resources per child in large families than in small families.
E) there is more family conflict in small families.

Question 18

While having one or two siblings is positively related to better social skills,
Additional siblings

A) increase the development of social skills significantly.
B) do not make any noticeable difference in the development of social skills.
C) lead to a decrease in social skills.
D) lead to increased social skills within the family, but made no difference outside the family.
E) lead to increased social skills within the family, but decreased social skills outside the family.

Question 19

The distribution of power in sibling relationships is primarily a product of

A) the gender of the children.
B) the age difference between the children.
C) the availability of same-age peers.
D) the personality of the older child.
E) each child's closeness with the parents.

Question 20

Why did multiple births increase among white women after 1972 but not among black women?

A) Having many children was suddenly deemed a status marker for whites but not for blacks.
B) White women were marrying in record numbers while still in their late teens whereas black women were staying single much longer than in the past thus
delaying their child bearing years.
C) White women were marrying and staying married whereas black women were cohabitating and divorcing.
D) White women had access to fertility clinics whereas black women did not.
E) White women became employed in record numbers thereby creating resources for having more children, whereas black women were experiencing record rates
of unemployment and therefore had few resources which restricted them from
having children..

Question 21

What is the key variable in sibling closeness?

A) number
B) gender
C) birth order
D) health status
E) personality

Question 22

Which of the following research results support the notion of sibling influence?

A) There is a significant level of concordance among brothers in terms of juvenile delinquency.
B) Children who enjoy a warm relationship with their parents tend to get along better with their siblings.
C) There is a significant level of concordance among natural siblings in terms of IQ.
D) Children who get along well with their siblings tend to get along well with their peers.
E) Siblings who are close in age often have the same prosocial peer group.

Question 23

In order to make a strong argument that older siblings serve as role models to younger siblings, it is necessary to study siblings

A) who share the same personality characteristics.
B) who have similar relationships with parents.
C) who have very different relationships with parents.
D) who have different personality characteristics.
E) who are very close in age.

Question 24

Three siblings live in a shared familial environment. According to the general research findings, which sibling is most likely to have a domineering personality?

A) the eldest
B) the middle child
C) the youngest child
D) none of the siblings
E) the female sibling

Question 25

When siblings share prosocial peers whose parents are acquainted with theirs, this situation facilitates parenting. What concept is useful in this respect?

A) human capital
B) functional community
C) supportive sibling relationships
D) peer group pressure
E) peer cross pressure

Question 26

Children's peer groups serve as a form of _______ for both parents and children.

A) socialization.
B) social capital.
C) negative influence.
D) values.
E) leisure.

Question 27

Disabled children and adults receive less support from their siblings if their disability is

A) a visual impairment
B) a language impairment
C) a muscular impairment
D) a cognitive developmental delay
E) a mental illness

Question 28

The concept used to refer to the fact that, in a day, parents do not always treat their children similarly is that of

A) dilution of parental resources.
B) parental preference.
C) differential parental treatment.
D) children as coproducers of their development.
E) congruent parenting.

Question 29

Fathers, rather than mothers, are more likely to

A) interact in the same way with all their children regardless of gender.
B) spend time with daughters.
C) spend time with sons.
D) interact differently with their children, depending on their age rather than their gender.
E) attempt to encourage a high degree of independence in daughters.

Question 30

Children who enjoy warm interactions with their mother tend to have a similar relationship with their siblings. What is the most likely explanation?

A) Such children are generally widely spaced and are thus not in competition.
B) Children produce an effect both on their mother and their siblings.
C) Such children are most likely to belong to a small family.
D) They may share similar personality traits conducive to interactional cooperation.
E) They model themselves after the mother and adopt kin-keeping skills.

Question 31

Children who are more controlled by their mothers tend to be more difficult. Which explanation does the interactional perspective favour?

A) A difficult child may require that parents become more controlling.
B) Controlling parents create difficult children.
C) Mother and child share similar genes.
D) Mother and child have a shared environment.
E) Mother's anxiety over parenting increases the child's problematic behaviours.

Question 32

The concept of relative parental power refers to

A) the difference in power between parents.
B) the difference in power that parents have over various children.
C) the different influence that peers and parents have over children.
D) the difference in power between parents and siblings.
E) the relationship between power and authority.

Question 33

Siblings tend to pay more attention to differential treatment from

A) mothers.
B) grandfathers.
C) grandmothers.
D) fathers.
E) other extended family members.

Question 34

The stepsibling relationship is closer when

A) families are large.
B) there are no full siblings.
C) when they have not lived together.
D) when the shared residence is with a father and a stepmother.
E) when the shared residence is with a mother and a stepfather.

Question 35

Within a family, the shared environment

A) generally refers to experiences parents share.
B) includes values and teachings emphasized by parents.
C) usually includes siblings' school experiences.
D) excludes adoptive siblings.
E) includes the financial resources that parents and children compete for.

Question 36

Siblings transform their shared or familial environment into a nonshared one by

A) their participation in social media.
B) the influence of their mothers.
C) the influence of their fathers.
D) leaving the family home.
E) symbolic interactionism.

Question 37

The nonshared environment within a family includes

A) the different genes contributed by the mother and father.
B) the different roles taken by the mother and the father in terms of childcare.
C) the individual personality of each individual within the family.
D) birth order, peers, and other experiences which affect one sibling but not the other.
E) the different religious, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds of the parents.

Question 38

When siblings share the same family events,

A) they experience them the same way.
B) they discuss them and come to agree on a dominant understanding of the experience.
C) they usually attach different meanings to the same events.
D) they become increasingly similar in values and beliefs.
E) they bond together against the meanings the parents attach to the events.

Question 39

Traditional sociological perspectives would conclude that

A) socioeconomic factors are most important in the outcomes of children.
B) educational achievement is most important in the outcomes of children.
C) biological and genetic inheritance is most important in the outcomes of children.
D) the interplay between genes and environment is most important in the outcomes of children.
E) the shared environment of parents and children is most important in the outcomes of children.

Question 40

Twin studies constitute

A) a natural experiment.
B) the Human Genome Project.
C) similarities between siblings.
D) examples of similar parental treatment.
E) a molecular scientific resource.

Question 41

Which statement most closely indicates the degree of genetic relatedness of the indicated groups?

A) Identical and fraternal twins share all their genes and siblings share about 50 % of their genes.
B) Identical twins share all their genes and fraternal twins and other siblings share about 50 % of their genes.
C) Identical twins and fraternal twins share about 50 % of their genes and other siblings share about 25 % of their genes.
D) Identical twins share about 50 % of their genes and fraternal twins and other siblings share about 25 % of their genes.
E) Identical twins share all their genes while fraternal twins and other siblings have only a very slight degree of genetic relatedness.

Question 42

Proof that genes are important in child development can be found in studies showing that

A) adoptive children are similar to their adoptive parents.
B) fraternal twins reared apart are quite different.
C) siblings can be quite different.
D) identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins.
E) fraternal twins are more similar than identical twins.

Question 43

Identical twins raised apart give many similar answers when describing the different homes in which they have been reared. This can be explained by the fact that (choose the most complete answer)

A) they share all of their genes.
B) they were given to adoptive parents who happened to be very similar in terms of socioeconomic status.
C) their different adoptive parents reacted to them similarly because of their similar appearance and personalities.
D) they share all their perceptions.
E) they are connected in ways that science cannot explain.

Question 44

Proof that the environment is very important in child development can be found in studies showing that

A) adoptive children are more similar to their birth than adoptive parents.
B) even identical twins are not always similar on many dimensions.
C) brothers are more different than are sisters among themselves.
D) fraternal twins are not as similar as identical twins.
E) children are often very different from their parents.

Question 45

What role do epigenetic tags play in differences seen in identical twins?

A) they alter the DNA of each identitical twin.
B) they influence the genes that determine gender role identification.
C) they combine to create a greater influence of the shared family environment as a determinant of personality.
D) they are chemical mechanisms that may activate or suppress certain genes to different degrees.
E) they determine how siblings will interact with each other.

Question 46

Research indicates that adopted children whose biological parents have shown pathology are

A) much more likely to be similar to the biological parents regardless of the familial environment.
B) predisposed to become similar to their adoptive families.
C) much less likely to be similar to them when their adoptive family provides an environment that offsets these genetic risks.
D) able to form greater attachments to their adopted siblings than their adopted parents.
E) more similar to their biological parents in terms of temperament and academic achievement.

Question 47

The theory of ____________ explains the consequences of parents and children engaging in a great many activities together.

A) family integration
B) family solidarity
C) homogeneity
D) heterogeneity
E) collective socialization

Question 48

Which of the following statements is likely to be the most scientifically correct?

A) Parents create differences in their children rather than similarities.
B) Parents' influence on their children is very weak in terms of the development of values, lifestyle, and habits.
C) Parents influence their children but they do so within limits set by these children's genetic predispositions.
D) Parents are more likely to influence their children's personalities than their values.
E) Socioeconomic status is the only way in which parents affect the outcomes of children.

Question 49

Discuss older siblings as agents of socialization for younger siblings in childhood and adolescence. Include the idea spacing in your response.

Question 50

What role does gender play in sibling relationships during childhood and adolescence?

Question 51

What are the potential negative and positive effects on parents when their children share a same group of peers?

Question 52

Do parents treat their children differently?

Question 53

Suppose that a survey of adults finds that those who report having received less positive parental attention than their siblings have a higher rate of emotional problems.
(a) Prove that these findings are biased or wrong.
(b) Prove that these findings are correct.

Question 54

Explain how siblings raised in a shared environment can be very different from one another.