Deck 12: Gender Identity and Personality: A Special Topic in the Self-Concept

Question 1

_____ refers to the individual's private experience of being male and female.

A) Sex-role stereotype
B) Self-concept
C) Self-monitoring
D) Gender identity
E) Gender preoccupation

Answer 1

Gender identity

Question 2

Psychoanalytic theory proposes that individuals acquire their sense of being male or female by:

A) The reinforcement given to them by significant others
B) Internalizing the behavior and beliefs of their same-sex parent
C) Modeling the behavior of their opposite-sex parent to see what not to do
D) Classifying the behavior and attitudes of their same-sex parent

Answer 2

Internalizing the behavior and beliefs of their same-sex parent

Question 3

Reinforcement and the process of modeling are critical elements in the _____ theory of gender identity.

A) social-cognitive
B) self-regulation
C) gender schema
D) self-gratification
E) psychoanalytical

Answer 3

social-cognitive

Question 4

Hector hears his older brother telling his friends that reading is for sissy girls. When Hector's mom asks him what he wants for his birthday, he says, "Not a book, that's for sure because I am a boy, not a sissy girl." This example illustrates the process of _____ regarding how children learn about gender appropriate behavior.

A) stereotype threat
B) ambivalent sexism
C) gender filtration
D) enactive experience

Question 5

Each time his two-year-old son plays with a truck or basketball, Stu smiles and says a few words of encouragement. Stu is employing the_____ theory of gender identity.

A) cognitive-development
B) gender-role
C) psychoanalytic
D) social-cognitive
E) role-specification

Question 6

Each time her two-year-old daughter plays with a doll or puts on her high heels to play dress up, Ellen rewards her daughter by saying, "Your are going too be such a pretty mother when you grow up." Ellen is employing _____ to influence the gender development of her daughter.

A) enactive reward
B) observational encouragement
C) direct tuition
D) instructional activation

Question 7

Little Ronnie knows that each time he plays with a doll or puts on his mother's high heels to play dress up, his parents scold him. Ronnie has learned that being scolded is the _____ for such behaviors.

A) sex-role response
B) regulatory expectation
C) gender-based reaction
D) expected outcome
E) social-role alternative

Question 8

Little Bobby knows that each time he plays with a doll or puts on his mother's high heels to play dress up, his parents scold him. Because of this, Bobby avoids engaging in these behaviors and tries to do things his big brother does, like play with trucks. Bobby's decisions demonstrate that he has developed _____ with respect to gender-related behaviors.

A) self-directed tutelage
B) gender self-identification
C) gender-based self-control
D) sex-role restrictions
E) regulatory self-sanctions

Question 9

Steven loves to dance, and he has won many awards at local and state dance competitions. Even though he has received lots of teasing by his fellow students, Steven has decided to try out of for the 'Dazzlers," the high school's all-female pep dance team. Steven's decision to try out for the Dazzlers reflects his _______ in his belief that he has the ability to make the team and the sense of gender identity to endure any social distress his decision may cause him.

A) estimated sex-role definition
B) calculated gender-based expectancy
C) assessed identity formation
D) social-role estimation
E) perceived self-efficacy

Question 10

At four years of age, Kelly enjoys playing with dolls but at six she enjoys playing with trucks while at age twelve, she prefers playing football in the boy's junior league. When doing a paper on how she has changed over time, Kelly writes, "Although what I do may change, I will also be a girl who likes to do a lot of different stuff." Kelly's comments reflect a sense of:

A) Gender consistency
B) Gender centralization
C) Concrete sexuality
D) Selective sexualism
E) Formal operations

Question 11

Little Jason knows that playing the role of the grandmother in his pre-school's play of 'Little Red Riding Hood" will not make him a girl. According to cognitive development theory, Jason is demonstrating:

A) Gender identity
B) Gender stability
C) Sex-role maturation
D) Sex-role consistency
E) Gender-role flexibility

Question 12

At her first day of daycare, little Jill is asked by the teacher to list her favorite activities. Jill says, "I like to play with my Barbie doll, like girls like to do." This scenario illustrates the _____ theory of gender identity.

A) psychoanalytic
B) social-cognitive
C) selective-reasoning
D) cognitive-development
E) preoperational-reasoning

Question 13

The basis of a gender schema is:

A) An understanding of anatomical difference between boys and girls
B) Cognitive development at the preoperational level of reasoning
C) A set of beliefs and expectations about gender to which the individual attends, recalls, and uses to organize experiences and interactions
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 14

While watching cartoons on television every Saturday morning, seven-year-old Shawn plays close attention to what male teenage characters do, and he notices that they all seem to be on the football team. When standing around outside with his neighborhood friends and trying to think what they should do, Shawn says, "Let's play football, like I see the teenage boys doing on TV." In this example, Shawn's suggestion is based on the process of:

A) Schema-directed memory
B) Social-role memory
C) Cognitive-consistency schema
D) Gender-role memory
E) Social-identity schema

Question 15

Little Jill believes that dolls are for girls and trucks are for boys. This is an example of:

A) Preoperational reasoning
B) In-group/out-group schema
C) Gender-set thinking
D) Cognitive specificity

Question 16

Little Dennis pays more attention to what basketball players do than how they dress because he recalls his older brother saying, "Boys care more about slam dunking than looking pretty on the court." This illustrates the influence of _____ on the attention and motivational processes of gender identity.

A) direct tuition
B) identification
C) own-sex schema
D) gender-specific reasoning

Question 17

While scanning magazine ads, Macho Mike is most likely to notice the ads:

A) For feminine products
B) For masculine products
C) That emphasize a deep level of processing
D) That require serial recall
E) That are in bright colors

Question 18

The belief that "all females sound alike" is most likely to be made by an individual with a(n):

A) Strong female gender schema
B) Weak female gender schema
C) Strong male gender schema
D) Weak male gender schema
E) Undifferentiated gender schema

Question 19

In response to viewing pornographic material and then being interviewed by a female interviewer, gender schematic males are more likely to:

A) Demonstrate greater recall of the woman's attitudes
B) Pay more attention to what the woman is wearing
C) Act in a sexually motivated manner
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 20

In a study involving sexually aroused gender-schematic males, it was reported that they _____ than gender aschematic males.

A) took longer to recall information about a female
B) recalled more information about the physical characteristics of a female
C) took less time to recall information about the interview room.
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 21

In a study involving sexually aroused gender-schematic males, it was reported that they _____ than gender aschematic males.

A) paid more attention to what the female interviewer said
B) paid more attention to what the male interviewer said
C) paid less attention to what the female interviewer said
D) paid less attention to what the male interviewer said
E) b & c

Question 22

A distinguishing feature of the social role theory is that it considers _____ in the development of gender identity.

A) the process of observation as critical
B) the beliefs that people have about classifying behavior along gender lines as important
C) differences in gender behavior as having their origins in the social status associated with the sexual division of labor as important
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 23

In doing some field research in a remote tropical area, an anthropologist discovers a tribe where taking care of children is considered the most noble task in the village. As a result, the women in this village are considered the most important individuals and are elected as leaders. The status of these women based on the value of their duties in the village is an example of the _____ theory of gender identity.

A) ascribed-status
B) role-status
C) social-learning
D) selective-adaptation
E) social role

Question 24

Due to the downturn in the financial status of a local coffee distributer, the company had to reorganize the management structure by demoting some of the vice presidents to district managers, who will now be supervised by the remaining vice presidents. Based on the research of social role theory, you would expect the _____ with their change in status.

A) male managers to be more submissive than the female managers
B) female managers to be more submissive than the males managers
C) both the male and female managers to be more submissive
D) males managers to be more submissive and the females managers to be more dominant
E) females managers to be more submissive and male manager to be more dominant

Question 25

At the cellular level, ____ help to determine the sex of an individual.

A) gonads
B) ovaries
C) endocrine cells
D) chromosomes
E) dendrites

Question 26

If you were trying to create "super females" by altering their endocrine system, you would inject female infants with:

A) Androgen and progesterone
B) Testosterone and estrogen
C) Estrogen and progesterone
D) Androgen and testosterone

Question 27

Jackie is no longer able to buy her clothes in the kid's section because of the development in her hips and her breasts. Jackie is experiencing changes in her:

A) Primary sexual characteristics
B) Selective sexual redefinition
C) Biosocial sexual development
D) Secondary sexual characteristics

Question 28

Being born with the condition of _____, Pat was born with a penis and ovaries.

A) homosexualism
B) transsexualism
C) pedophilism
D) hermaphroditism
E) androgynism

Question 29

Pat was born with ovaries and a penis-like structure instead of a vagina. There will be some surgery necessary to create a vagina-like structure from the penis-like structure. To minimize any type of gender identity confusion about how Pat will be raised, a decision regarding Pat's gender should be made before the age of:

A) 18 months
B) 24 months
C) 36 months
D) 42 months

Question 30

When trying to explain gender identity, cases of hermaphroditism illustrate:

A) The power of biological factors over psychological and cultural factors
B) The power of psychological factors over biological and cultural factors
C) The power of cultural factors over biological and psychological factors
D) The interactive nature of biological, psychological, and cultural factors
E) The power of nature over nurture

Question 31

According to the evolutionary perspective of gender behavior, gender differences in personality characteristics and social behavior are designed to help humans to:

A) Attract and retain mates for the purpose of reproduction
B) Protect and nurture their offspring in order to pass their genes along to the next generation
C) Successfully adapt to environmental challenges that threaten their survival
D) a & b
E) a, b, & c

Question 32

According to the evolutionary perspective on gender behavior, the tendency for males to be more aggressive than females is a result of such tendencies making it possible for:

A) Society to have a method for creating a division of labor based on social status
B) Males to protect and provide resources for their families
C) Females to make an emotional commitment to their maternal roles
D) The development of in-group and out-group schemas based on gender
E) a & c

Question 33

According to the evolutionary perspective on gender behavior, the development of the female orgasm is a result of the female orgasm making it possible to:

A) Facilitate and maintain the union of the female and her mate
B) Maintain her emotional power over her mate
C) Help preserve the necessary evolutionary gender differences in social behavior
D) a & c
E) b & c

Question 34

While the _____ helps to explain the development and expression of differences in the physical and personality characteristics between males and females, the _____ helps to explain how these differences are incorporated in the gender-related behavioral expectations promoted within a particular society.

A) biosocial theory; social-cognitive theory
B) psychobiological perspective; schema-maintenance viewpoint
C) evolutionary perspective; social role theory
D) psychophysical theory; psychoanalytical theory
E) cognitive perspective; evolutionary perspective

Question 35

A consistent finding regarding gender differences in aggression is that:

A) Boys tend to be more aggressive than girls
B) Cultural expectations influence gender differences in aggression
C) Girls are just as capable of engaging in indirect and passive aggression as boys
D) a & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 36

In support of gender differences in aggression, in comparison to females, males:

A) Show more aggression than females into their seventies and eighties
B) Tend to be more likely to be the target of aggression
C) Tend to demonstrate aggression against others even when the other individuals did not provoke them
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 37

In contrast to boys, girls are more likely to intentionally try to hurt someone by expressing aggression in the form of:

A) Spreading rumors and gossiping about that person
B) Rejecting or isolating the person from activities
C) Ignoring the individual
D) a & c
E) a, b, and c

Question 38

Based on gender differences in romantic feelings and experiences, it was noted that women report _____ than men.

A) more vivid memories of past romantic partners
B) more experiences of loving someone without being loved in return
C) view love as more rewarding
D) a & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 39

What evidence is provided to suggest that men are more romantic than women?

A) More women than men believe that it is possible to "fall in love at first sight"
B) Men tend to fall in love sooner than women
C) Men are more cautious and selective about with whom they fall in love
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 40

From the evolutionary perspective on gender differences in mate selection, when completing their potential mate profile for on online match-making service they joined, both Jack and Jill would express a preference for a mate who is:

A) Intelligent
B) Youthful
C) Wealthy
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 41

Research on gender differences in sexuality suggests that:

A) Females engage in masturbation to a greater degree than males
B) Males indicate a greater degree of approval of causal sex than females
C) Males and females indicate a similar level of sexual satisfaction
D) a & c
E) b & c

Question 42

Cross-cultural research indicates that:

A) Females express a desire to have a greater number of sexual partners than males
B) Males express a desire to have a greater number of sexual partners than females
C) Males and females express a similar desire for the number of sexual partners, but the actual number is determined by the specific region of the world where they live
D) Females express a desire to have a greater number of sexual partners than males, but the actual number is determined by the specific region of the world where they live
E) Males express a greater desire to have a greater number of sexual partners than females, but the actual number is determined by the specific region of the world where they live

Question 43

When considering gender differences for the reasons males and females engage in sexual intercourse, females tend to indicate that it is to:

A) Express affection and gain intimacy
B) Assess the reproductive fitness of prospective mates before making a long-term commitment of emotions and resources
C) Seek a long-term commitment from a mate with the desired characteristics to provide provisional care to them and their offspring
D) a & b
E) a & c

Question 44

When it comes to the reasons for engaging in casual sex, males and females tend to do so:

A) Based on their sexual desire
B) To experiment
C) Based on the attractiveness of the partner
D) a & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 45

When examining gender differences in the expression of sexuality, research tends to support which of the following statements?

A) Females spend more time fantasizing about sex, but males tend to have a stronger sex drive
B) Males and females engage in masturbation to a similar degree, but females tend to fantasize more during masturbation
C) Males and females tend to report a similar degree of sexual satisfaction
D) a & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 46

Compared to women, men tend to experience jealously with respect to:

A) A threat to their self-esteem
B) The difficulty of replacing their current relationship
C) Expressing strong feelings that others are attracted to their partner
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 47

Which of these situations is likely to create the greatest degree of jealously?

A) Eddie has just found out that his wife is in love with his best friend
B) John has just found out that his wife is having sex with his best friend
C) Jane has just found out that her husband is thinking about having a sexual affair with her best friend
D) Ellen has just found out that her husband is having a sexual affair with her best friend
E) a & d

Question 48

You are conducting research on social influence in a culture where women do the hunting and men provide the childcare. You offer them advice on how to hunt deer and then test the degree of conformity of the men and women to your suggestions. In this case, the:

A) Males are more likely to conform than the females
B) Females are more likely to conform than the males
C) Both males and females will conform equally
D) The males will listen more attentively but the females will ask more questions

Question 49

As the director of advertising for a local television station, you are trying to design a public service announcement to increase the likelihood of individuals going out to vote. You are most likely to influence individuals if you have a:

A) Female singing a patriotic song in the background while the written announcement to get out and vote is displayed on the screen
B) Male read the announcement to get out and vote while the same written message is being displayed on the screen
C) Chorus of males and females signing the message to get out and vote while the written message is displayed on the screen
D) Group of ethnically diverse boys and girls shouting out in unison the message to get out and vote

Question 50

Jack is more likely to follow the advice of Jill if her advice is:

A) Based on her competence
B) Likely to help him achieve his goal
C) Based on her physical attractiveness
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 51

While attending a meeting of his wife's women's tea and garden club, John is asked to comment on a statement made by the club's president. In this situation John is likely to:

A) Engage in power-assertive behaviors, such as expressing personal opinions
B) Demonstrate more task behaviors, such as giving advice and directions
C) Demonstrate positive social behavior, such as showing agreement
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 52

If you were to place boys and girls in a stressful situation and observe directly their emotional expression, such as by measuring their heart rate, you would most likely find that:

A) Boys demonstrating more fearfulness than girls
B) Girls demonstrating more fearfulness than boys
C) Both boys and girls demonstrating a similar level of fearfulness
D) Boys showing more emotional arousal but girls reporting more feelings of fear
E) c & d

Question 53

In comparison to women, as the old saying goes, men are more likely to express their emotions primarily:

A) By "the looks of their eyes"
B) By "the looks on their faces"
C) By "wearing their emotions on their sleeves"
D) By "keeping them under their skin"

Question 54

When responding to feelings of disappointment, females are likely to:

A) "Drown their sorrows"
B) "Put on a happy face"
C) "Wear their sadness on their sleeve"
D) "Party like it's 1999"

Question 55

Being able to control his expression of fear and anxiety seems to give Sonny an advantage when he is negotiating the price of oil futures with his competitors, making it possible for him to earn a bigger commission, which he uses to send his kids to the best school and buy his wife better jewelry than all of her friends. Such an explanation of emotional suppression is consistent with the:

A) Social comparison explanation
B) Social dominance perspective
C) Symptom-suppression explanation
D) Social-cognitive perspective
E) Evolutionary explanation

Question 56

During infancy, as a source of influence in the tendency for females to be more emotionally expressive than males, mothers are more likely to:

A) To engage in emotionally affective activities with their sons and emotionally cognitive activities with their daughters
B) To exhibit a greater variety of emotions when interacting with their daughters than their sons
C) To demonstrate the affective-reflective response to their daughters than their sons
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 57

If parents want their children to be popular in elementary school, they should tell their boys to:

A) Keep their emotions to themselves
B) Be verbally expressive
C) Be highly sensitive to the feelings of others
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 58

If parents want their children to be popular in elementary school, they should tell their girls to:

A) Keep their emotions to themselves
B) Be verbally expressive
C) Be highly sensitive to the feelings of others
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 59

Lucy's father has a job that makes it possible for him to be very involved in her life. Judy's father has a job that requires him to do a lot of out-of-town traveling, which makes it difficult for him to be involved in her life. Because of this,:

A) Lucy is likely to be less aggressive than Judy
B) Lucy is likely to be more aggressive than Judy
C) Lucy is likely to be less sad and fearful than Judy
D) Lucy is likely to be more sad and fearful than Judy
E) b & c

Question 60

The difference in self-esteem between boys and girls tends to _____ during adolescence.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) peak
D) reverse

Question 61

In comparison to boys, the generally lower level of self-esteem experienced by girls during adolescence tends to be accounted for by:

A) The correlation with their level of moral development
B) The stress and strain of cognitive development
C) The dissatisfaction with the bodily changes brought on by the onset of puberty
D) The complexity of the social roles and expectations

Question 62

In contrast to the work she did alone last week on her own art project, when asked to rate the quality of the contribution of her work to a group project she and her peers are doing, it is expected that Jane would:

A) Give a lower estimate of her work
B) Give a higher estimate of her work
C) Give a lowered estimate of the work of her peers
D) Give a higher estimate to the work of her peers

Question 63

Cheryl is the lowest paid lawyer at an all male-law firm. Based on gender differences in self-evaluation, it is possible that her pay reflects:

A) Her expectation to receive less compensation for her work
B) Her tendency to underestimate the value of her work
C) The tendency of the males to overestimate the value of their work
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 64

You are a contestant on a game show where the quizmaster asks you the question, "Based on research done across a variety of cultures, what was the basic conclusion regarding gender differences in happiness?" To be the next million-dollar winner on the show, you answer:

A) "Women are generally more happy than men"
B) "Men are generally more happy than women"
C) "Men and women are equally happy"
D) "It depends on the culture, as there is no consistency regarding gender difference in happiness across cultures"
E) "This is a trick question, as men and women express happiness differently"

Question 65

What does the research on gender differences in suicidal behavior suggest?

A) Female are more likely attempt suicide than males
B) Females are more likely than males to actually kill themselves
C) Females use more lethal methods to kill themselves than males
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 66

In a therapy session for depression, Ellen says to her therapist, "People don't like me because I am not pretty or funny enough." Such a statement is an example of:

A) A pessimistic style of thinking
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Dysfunctional realization
D) A fixed-action thought pattern
E) Defensive attributional logic

Question 67

As a language specialist in the local school district working with children in preschool to high school, you are likely to notice that:

A) Girls develop verbal ability sooner than boys
B) Boys have more reading problems than girls
C) While boys and girls develop dyslexia at similar ages, they display it in different ways
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 68

Factors that have contributed to gender differences in verbal abilities include:

A) The amount of time parents spend talking to infant girls vs. boys
B) The amount of time parents spend in physical play with infant boys vs. girls
C) The cultural context in which reading is linked to a particular gender
D) a & b
E) a, b, & c

Question 69

Arunn and his male classmates, who all live in India, score the highest in their region on a standardized reading comprehension test. In contrast, Patty and her female classmates, who all live in the United States, score the highest in their region on the same standardized reading test. The _____ can help us to account for cultural factors that might explain such gender differences in reading and other verbal abilities.

A) polemics of achievement
B) parable of aspiration
C) paradox of achievement
D) conundrum of aspiration
E) conflict of achievement

Question 70

As a math specialist in the local school district working with children in preschool to high school, you are likely to notice that:

A) Girls do better than boys in math during elementary school
B) Boys and girls perform equally well in math during elementary school
C) Girls do better than boy in math during high school
D) a & c
E) b & c

Question 71

Suppose that because you know something about gender differences in math functioning, the school district has given you the assignment of providing training to new math teachers. To help create a more equal learning classroom environment, you instruct the teachers to:

A) Make sure they encourage the girls to participate in math class discussions
B) Talk to the girls about entering careers in math and related fields
C) Encourage the girls to take more math and science courses as electives
D) a & b
E) a, b, & c

Question 72

Prior to taking a difficult math test, the effect of telling girls that the test produced gender differences was to:

A) Motivate the girls to out-perform the boys
B) Motivate the boys to increase their scores
C) Result in the girls performing more poorly
D) Negate any actual gender differences that observed previously

Question 73

The tendency for boys to be better able to fit pieces together in a puzzle box or complete a maze is a result of their _____ than girls.

A) greater visual-spatial ability
B) greater mathematical ability
C) lower degree of field dependence
D) reduced cognitive interference
E) greater level of emotional arousal

Question 74

The nature of the activities associated with the way boys and girls play has been used to account for gender differences in:

A) Emotional expressiveness
B) Abstract reasoning
C) Social intelligence
D) Visual-spatial ability
E) b & c

Question 75

A women comes home angry due to being passed over for a promotion once again because her boss assumes that as a mother of three children, she will put the care of her children over her dedication to the company. This illustrates a(n):

A) Assumption regarding gender differences in cognitive functioning
B) Assumption based on a sex-role stereotype
C) Form of concrete operational thinking
D) Example of reverse gender inequity
E) c & d

Question 76

As a consultant to a group of personnel managers, you would advise your clients when evaluating the work of males and females to be aware of the tendency for work done by:

A) Men to be evaluated less favorably than that done by women
B) Women to be evaluated less favorably than that done by men
C) Women in areas involving verbal ability to be superior to that of men
D) Unattractive men to be more favorable than attractive women
E) a & d

Question 77

A female surgeon performs a complicated surgery in a record amount of time and with no complications the first time she ever attempts this operation. Such an unexpected performance is likely to:

A) Increase the likelihood of other female surgeons being hired in the future
B) Be attributed to the exceptional skills of this particular woman but not to women in general
C) Be evaluated more favorably than the same performance by a male
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 78

In a gender-neutral task, such as writing an essay about the importance of world peace, essays written by:

A) Men are going to be evaluated more favorably than those by women
B) Women are going to be judged more favorably than those by men
C) Sex-typed women and sex-typed reverse men will be judged more favorably than sex-typed men and sex-typed reverse women
D) Men and women will be judged as equally favorable
E) a & c

Question 79

You would expect to find the potential for more gender-bias when:

A) A female is being voted on in a yes-or-no vote to be selected or rejected to serve on a board of directors of a drug company
B) A female is being evaluated based on the interpretation of her written answers to a test for potential candidates for an open seat on the board of directors of a drug company
C) A female is being evaluated based on the interpretation of her verbal answers to an interview for potential candidates on an open seat on the board of directors of a drug company
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 80

Jane has just won first place in the junior high science fair. It is most likely that her success will be attributed to:

A) The hard work she put into the project
B) Her good luck to enter the fair in a year when the competition was low
C) Her knowledge of science being greater than the competition
D) a & c