Deck 13: Conflict and Conflict Resolution

Question 1

Ethnographic comparisons of apologies in Japan and Western societies show __________.

A) a more explicit recognition of people's effects on each other in Japan
B) a more explicit recognition of people's effects on each other in Western societies
C) almost exactly the same use of apology in both places
D) fewer cases of acceptance of apologies in Japan

Answer 1

a more explicit recognition of people's effects on each other in Japan

Question 2

A method of conflict avoidance is __________.

A) yelling
B) direct aggression
C) behavioral displays
D) politeness

Answer 2

politeness

Question 3

Among the Semais, the community will attend meetings called __________ in order to air grievances and allow all parties to voice their concerns and opinions.

A) qahr
B) ashti
C) becharaa'
D) mana

Answer 3

becharaa'

Question 4

In Iran, __________ is the intention of a hurt or slighted parent to withdraw from interaction with a child.

A) qahr
B) ashti
C) becharaa
D) mana

Question 5

Nonthreatening verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey respect or subordination to others.

A) deference
B) politeness strategies
C) peacemakers
D) subordinate behaviors

Question 6

Which of the following nonverbal communication cues indicate subordination?

A) direct eye contact
B) erect posture
C) a raised head
D) smiling

Question 7

In traditional __________ society song duels were a method of resolving conflict without violence.

A) Maasai
B) Inuit
C) Igbo
D) Hmong

Question 8

Among the Ju/'hoansi who attempts to squelch conflicts from erupting into dangerous combat?

A) mostly children
B) friendly peacemakers
C) older males
D) mothers

Question 9

__________ are rewards and punishments expressed through praise, ridicule, gossip, and the like.

A) Formal sanctions
B) Dominance hierarchies
C) Informal sanctions
D) Negative sanctions

Question 10

Recognition and rewards for observing social norms.

A) dominance hierarchies
B) positive sanctions
C) negative sanctions
D) postconflict reconciliation

Question 11

Punishments for offending social norms.

A) dominance hierarchies
B) positive sanctions
C) negative sanctions
D) postconflict reconciliation

Question 12

In Iran, __________ is a stage of mediation and reconciliation between a parent and a child.

A) qahr
B) ashti
C) becharaa
D) mana

Question 13

Which of the following was a common precipitating factor in song duels among Inuit peoples?

A) territory conflicts
B) hunting disputes
C) sexual jealousy
D) parenting conflicts

Question 14

A speeding ticket is best described as __________.

A) a formal sanction
B) an informal sanction
C) an offense
D) ostracism

Question 15

The Semai of Malaysia view men and women __________.

A) as good and evil polar opposites
B) as occupying male public and female domestic spheres
C) as being the same in terms of social personality
D) as behaving according to different rules of morality

Question 16

__________ are rewards and punishments administered by persons in authority, the state, or the law.

A) Negative sanctions
B) Positive sanctions
C) Informal sanctions
D) Formal sanctions

Question 17

The practices of qakr and ashti within parent-child relationships are part of __________ social norms.

A) Iranian
B) Maori
C) Japanese
D) Inuit

Question 18

__________ are behaviors designed to mute antagonisms and avoid overt hostility by affirming common bonds and recognizing another person's rights and feelings.

A) Deference
B) Politeness strategies
C) Peacemakers
D) Subordinate behaviors

Question 19

Evolutionary perspectives on intergroup conflict and conflict resolution emphasize the role of __________ in primate groups.

A) negative sanctions
B) dominance hierarchies
C) formal sanctions
D) subordination

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT an example of postconflict reconciliation expressed among primates?

A) submissive vocalizations
B) fear grimace
C) a kiss
D) an embrace

Question 21

In Semai society which of the following is true of becharaa?

A) Conflicts are rarely resolved during these meetings.
B) They allow parties accused of wrongdoing to be tried and convicted.
C) They can last for several days and nights.
D) No one acts as a headman or leader during these meetings.

Question 22

Psychologist Clayton Robarchek found that the greatest fear of individuals in Semai society is __________.

A) embarrassment
B) tigers
C) evil magic
D) conflict

Question 23

Although polygynous and polyandrous marriage systems often cause jealousies and competition between co-spouses, in __________ marriage systems co-wives often become friends and allies.

A) matrilocal
B) patrilineal, patrilocal
C) arranged
D) matrilineal, matrilocal

Question 24

The Taita of Kenya relate anger with __________.

A) envy
B) violence
C) emotional freedom
D) illness

Question 25

One possible reason for the high rate of accusations of witchcraft by men against their mothers-in-law in Western Apache society is __________.

A) the patrilocal residence pattern
B) the inability of couples to divorce
C) the prevalence of arranged marriage
D) the matrilocal residence pattern

Question 26

The public nature of the Taita healing ceremony reinforces social values regarding anger and forgiveness by __________.

A) placing blame for wrongdoing on the ill person
B) placing blame for wrongdoing on the angry person
C) placing blame for wrongdoing on both the ill person and the angry person
D) placing blame on the community as a whole for not recognizing the problem earlier

Question 27

Semai bacharaa are designed to defuse conflicts through lengthy __________.

A) questioning
B) talk
C) physical competition
D) song duels

Question 28

A major cause of the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo is control of __________.

A) oil
B) diamonds
C) water
D) arable land

Question 29

Witchcraft can help control anger toward others in what way?

A) People do not get angry because they fear having spells cast on them.
B) People interact with each other less because they fear witches.
C) People control their anger because they fear they may harm others with it.
D) People mask their anger to avoid witch hunts.

Question 30

Toraja society etiquette directs conflict toward __________, where conflict is considered to be a normal and predictable event.

A) daily interactions
B) market transactions
C) ritual occasions
D) family gatherings

Question 31

Although people tend to support kin in Semai becharaa, __________ tend(s) to produce community solidarity.

A) weak kinship ties
B) patrilineal kinship
C) bilateral kinship
D) matrilineal kinship

Question 32

Expression of anger outside __________ is considered dangerous and threatening to community stability in Toraja society.

A) the household
B) ritual ceremonies
C) the extended family
D) the village

Question 33

__________ is a belief system that functions as a mechanism of social control by channeling anger towards others.

A) Witchcraft
B) Sorcery
C) Magic
D) Feuding

Question 34

Reciprocal relationships are a point of difficulty in Toraja society because __________.

A) only the extended family can be depended on
B) very high rates of interest are always charged for favors
C) great value is placed on self-sufficiency
D) a person who is denied a request experiences great shame

Question 35

In most cultures and societies, how are conflicts within families commonly dealt with?

A) conversational give and take
B) disrespect towards elders
C) aggressive and caustic attacks against one another
D) politeness and passivity

Question 36

The Taita believe that __________ may easily become ill.

A) a person who is angry
B) a person who has anger directed at them
C) a person who suppresses anger
D) a person who does not get angry

Question 37

Among the Western Apache in Arizona, accusations of witchcraft are often shaken off by what tactic?

A) Those accused may claim they were drunk and therefore not responsible for their anger.
B) The accused may volunteer to undergo physical trials to prove their innocence.
C) Those accused may move to a different village until the charges are forgotten in their home village.
D) Those accused can shift blame to their meddling wives if male, or mothers-in-law if female.

Question 38

Among the Taita, if a person becomes ill, a healing ceremony is conducted in which the person who is angry with the ill person __________.

A) is identified by a diviner and punished
B) is paid damages by the ill person's family to pacify his or her anger
C) must admit his or her anger and ritually cast it out
D) apologizes to the ill person and begs for forgiveness

Question 39

A common pattern of accusation of witchcraft in Western Apache society is __________.

A) brothers accusing sisters
B) village leaders accusing new arrivals in the village
C) men accusing mothers-in-law
D) married women accusing younger, unmarried women

Question 40

A Toraja pattern of behavior that regulates conflict is __________.

A) avoidance of people with whom there are disputes
B) formalized arguments that serve as courts
C) band level community size
D) shouting matches which are limited to the village's public square

Question 41

Who generally mediates disputes in tribal societies?

A) young hunters
B) a council of village elders
C) individuals from distant villages
D) groups of related women

Question 42

The only power that leopard-skin chiefs can use to enforce their decisions is __________.

A) the threat of war with the chief's tribe
B) the threat of supernatural harm
C) the threat of a blood feud
D) the threat of exile for a number of years

Question 43

In order to minimize conflicts over resources, __________ is used to regulate behaviors of persons in other people's territory.

A) social etiquette
B) wardenship
C) police enforcement
D) private ownership

Question 44

In order to reduce the incidence of blood feuding, the Nuer of East Africa employed __________ as recognized mediators in feuds.

A) non-Nuer mediators
B) leopard-skin chiefs
C) clan leaders
D) elderly women

Question 45

In __________ a jealous husband or rejected suitor may seek revenge against a woman by throwing acid on her face and body.

A) Kenya
B) Greece
C) Pakistan
D) Vietnam

Question 46

Warfare in band societies is usually limited to __________ and rarely has a great social impact because of its limited size.

A) duels
B) raids to increase the prestige of a war leader
C) blood feuds
D) territorial skirmishes

Question 47

__________ tends to be highest in strongly patriarchal societies.

A) Divorce
B) Polygynous marriage
C) Household size
D) Domestic violence

Question 48

Reform movements in countries like India and Pakistan are underway to __________.

A) modernize law codes and address other traditional crimes against women
B) reify traditional law codes
C) outlaw traditional law codes to reduce crimes against women
D) reduce punishments for crimes against women

Question 49

A common cause of violence in tribal societies is __________.

A) vengeance and feuding
B) political maneuvering
C) disputes over leadership succession
D) trade warfare

Question 50

The usual settlement for a dispute mediated by a leopard-skin chief involved __________.

A) changes of land ownership
B) admissions of guilt and apologies by both sides
C) the payment of cattle
D) the arrangement for a peaceful court hearing

Question 51

Siblings may compete against each other for favor in their families when __________.

A) there is property to inherit
B) primogeniture is the rule of inheritance
C) polyandrous marriage patterns are common
D) there are no automatic rules for inheritance

Question 52

Violent conflicts in band societies are rarely over which of the following?

A) property
B) jealousies
C) marriage rights
D) sexual relations

Question 53

Who is responsible for the mediation of family disputes in kin groups such as lineages and clans?

A) parents
B) grade sets
C) the heads of lineages and clans
D) arbitrators from outside the family

Question 54

Who is often blamed for causing friction in a household in rural Indian communities?

A) brothers
B) wives
C) mothers
D) husbands

Question 55

In India, the patriarchal system places new, young wives into conflict with __________.

A) co-wives
B) husbands
C) mothers-in-law
D) fathers-in-law

Question 56

Among the Eastern Pomos, taking resources from someone else's land was NOT considered theft as long as which of the following was true?

A) permission was granted
B) it was not observed by an outsider
C) they were not plant resources
D) distant kin were the offenders

Question 57

Aggression against others based on the principle of revenge.

A) vengeance
B) conflict avoidance
C) blood feud
D) dominance hierarchies

Question 58

In rural India, conflict among whom is considered inappropriate and violates the ethics of family solidarity?

A) brothers
B) sisters
C) parents
D) grandparents

Question 59

In __________ "dowry death" is a phenomenon in which young brides are murdered so that the family may seek remarriage, and another dowry, for their son.

A) Saudi Arabia
B) India
C) Malaysia
D) Uganda

Question 60

What is armed aggression and hostilities between groups called?

A) reconciliation
B) warfare
C) deference
D) witchcraft

Question 61

__________ anthropologists have been heavily involved in aiding indigenous peoples to seek redress for harms done to them by states and corporations.

A) Cultural
B) Biological
C) Legal
D) Linguistic

Question 62

Sambia ethics demanded that family members __________.

A) avenge a killing of one of their own
B) forgive their enemies
C) hand over all weapons
D) move away from the enemy tribe

Question 63

In the Pomo tribal society, the principle goal after conflict ended was to __________.

A) restore harmonious relationships
B) humiliate the losers
C) enforce communal sharing
D) continue violent behaviors toward the losers

Question 64

One traditional practice to deal with chronic wrongdoers that some Native American legal systems have reintroduced is __________.

A) physical trials to determine guilt or innocence
B) banishment
C) the seizure of relatives' property
D) public corporal punishment

Question 65

The primary goals of warfare in state societies are __________.

A) economic and political
B) national and international
C) governed by rules of warfare
D) territorial expansion and revenge

Question 66

One of the most formalized systems of dispute management in conflicts between different Native American tribes was the __________ Confederacy.

A) Sioux
B) Iroquois
C) Lakhota
D) Choctaw

Question 67

The Major Crimes acts of 1885 allowed federal courts to claim jurisdiction over which group of people who committed seven specific crimes?

A) Chinese Americans
B) Anglo Americans
C) Native Americans
D) African Americans

Question 68

__________ produce damage to society that lasts for generations after the conflict has ended.

A) Wars
B) Civil wars
C) Corruption investigations
D) Nuclear warfare

Question 69

What have the Dine reintroduced in response to the adversarial nature of the American court system?

A) rehabilitation centers for criminals
B) peacemaker courts conducted by mediators
C) more lenient sentences for plea bargains
D) community confessionals

Question 70

The primary goal(s) of tribal warfare were __________.

A) territorial gain
B) slaves and wealth
C) social and ritual
D) the destruction of the enemy population

Question 71

__________ is the only nation in the world that does not have a standing army.

A) Switzerland
B) Thailand
C) Costa Rica
D) Belgium

Question 72

Participation in tribal warfare tends to be based on __________.

A) whether a person is in their period of military service
B) voluntary association
C) conscription
D) patriotism

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT true of tribal warfare?

A) It can occur due to territorial trespasses.
B) Killings and counter-killings are major contributing factors.
C) Territory expansion is not usually the ultimate goal.
D) It generally has economic motives.

Question 74

In Pomoan warfare, hostilities were concluded by __________.

A) a payment of beads from the victor to the defeated community
B) a payment of beads from the defeated to the victorious community
C) a payment of pigs by the defeated community to be used for funerals by the victors
D) the ransoming back of captives by the defeated community

Question 75

Underlying many Middle Eastern conflicts is the geopolitics of __________.

A) oil
B) diamonds
C) water
D) arable land

Question 76

Wars in the African nations of Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Rwanda, and Burundi have broken out in the last two decades primarily due to control over which of the following?

A) central governments
B) resources
C) territory
D) port cities

Question 77

Unlike warfare in other types of societies, warfare in state societies __________.

A) is conducted by professional specialists
B) is conducted with careful limits on who is involved and harmed
C) involves combatant soldiers on a voluntary basis
D) rarely results in a clear victorious and defeated party

Question 78

Warfare in many New Guinean societies was directly related to concepts of __________.

A) masculinity
B) kinship
C) sexuality
D) property

Question 79

The Pomo of California referred to war leaders as __________.

A) chiefs
B) militia leaders
C) captains
D) good bad men

Question 80

In South Africa, __________ have been held in the attempt to heal divisions in South African society from the apartheid period.

A) Truth and Reconciliation Hearings
B) amnesties for African National Congress members
C) purges of the police and military forces
D) new elections