Question 1

Ethnographic comparisons of apologies in Japan and Western societies show __________.

Accepted Answer

Ethnographic studies have found that apologies in Japan often involve a more explicit recognition and acknowledgement of the apology recipient's feelings and the offender's impact on them. This is in contrast with Western societies where apologies may be more focused on taking personal responsibility for the offence.

Question 2

A method of conflict avoidance is __________.

Accepted Answer

Politeness is a method of conflict avoidance as it helps to maintain cordial relationships and prevent disagreements from escalating. It involves showing respect and empathy towards the other person, using polite language, and being mindful of the other person's feelings and needs. On the other hand, yelling and direct aggression are forms of conflict escalation, while behavioral displays can also escalate conflicts if they are perceived as aggressive or confrontational.

Question 3

Among the Semais, the community will attend meetings called __________ in order to air grievances and allow all parties to voice their concerns and opinions.

Accepted Answer

The Semais, an indigenous group in Malaysia, use meetings called "becharaa'" as a forum for airing grievances and allowing all parties to voice their concerns and opinions. This practice is part of their conflict resolution and community decision-making processes.

Question 4

In Iran, __________ is the intention of a hurt or slighted parent to withdraw from interaction with a child.

Accepted Answer

Qahr refers to the intention of a hurt or slighted parent to withdraw from interaction with a child in Iranian culture.

Question 5

Nonthreatening verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey respect or subordination to others.

Accepted Answer

Deference refers to behaviors that convey respect or subordination to others. These behaviors are typically nonthreatening and can include using polite language, maintaining eye contact, and exhibiting attentive listening. Deference is often used as a way to establish a hierarchical relationship between individuals, with one person taking on a more dominant role and the other person taking on a more submissive role.

Question 6

Which of the following nonverbal communication cues indicate subordination?

Accepted Answer

Smiling can be a nonverbal cue indicating subordination, especially in contexts where it is used to appease or show submission to another individual. Direct eye contact, erect posture, and a raised head are typically associated with confidence and dominance rather than subordination.

Question 7

In traditional __________ society song duels were a method of resolving conflict without violence.

Accepted Answer

In traditional Inuit society, song duels were a method of resolving disputes. This unique form of conflict resolution involved opponents taking turns singing witty and often humorous songs to mock each other, with the winner being decided by the audience's reaction.

Question 8

Among the Ju/'hoansi who attempts to squelch conflicts from erupting into dangerous combat?

Accepted Answer

Friendly peacemakers often serve as mediators in conflict resolution among the Ju/'hoansi. They try to defuse the situation by calming down the parties involved and finding a compromise that satisfies both sides, without resorting to violence. While others may also play a role in conflict resolution, such as mothers, older males, and children, the friendly peacemakers are the most prominent and effective.

Question 9

__________ are rewards and punishments expressed through praise, ridicule, gossip, and the like.

Accepted Answer

This is because informal sanctions refer to rewards and punishments that are not enforced by law, but rather through social norms and expectations. Examples of informal sanctions include praise, ridicule, gossip, rejection, and shunning. These sanctions can be applied by individuals or groups in response to behavior that is seen as either acceptable or unacceptable within a given social context.

Question 10

Recognition and rewards for observing social norms.

Accepted Answer

Positive sanctions refer to rewards or recognition given for conforming to social norms. Dominance hierarchies refer to social rankings within a group, negative sanctions are punishments for violating social norms, and postconflict reconciliation refers to efforts to restore social harmony after a conflict. Therefore, the best answer is B.

Question 11

Punishments for offending social norms.

Accepted Answer

Negative sanctions are punishments or penalties for actions that violate social norms or expectations. These can include social exclusion, ridicule or public shaming, and even imprisonment or fines. Dominance hierarchies refer to social structures in which individuals or groups are ranked according to their power, status, or influence. Positive sanctions, on the other hand, are rewards or benefits for conforming to social norms. Postconflict reconciliation is a process of resolving conflicts and repairing relationships that have been damaged by offending behavior or actions. While all of these concepts are related to social norms and deviance, only negative sanctions specifically refer to punishments for violating those norms.

Question 12

In Iran, __________ is a stage of mediation and reconciliation between a parent and a child.

Accepted Answer

Ashti is a stage of mediation and reconciliation between a parent and a child in Iran.

Question 13

Which of the following was a common precipitating factor in song duels among Inuit peoples?

Accepted Answer

Sexual jealousy was often a precipitating factor in song duels among Inuit peoples. These duels were a non-violent way to resolve disputes and conflicts within the community, including those arising from personal relationships.

Question 14

A speeding ticket is best described as __________.

Accepted Answer

A speeding ticket is a formal sanction because it is a penalty imposed by a formal institution, namely law enforcement agencies, for violating a formal law or rule which is established as part of the legal system.

Question 15

The Semai of Malaysia view men and women __________.

Accepted Answer

According to anthropologist Robert Dentan who lived with the Semai people, they view men and women as having the same social personality traits. They do not make any gender-based distinctions in terms of behavior or morality, nor do they have separate male public and female domestic spheres.

Question 16

__________ are rewards and punishments administered by persons in authority, the state, or the law.

Accepted Answer

Formal sanctions are rewards and punishments administered by people in positions of authority, the state, or the law. They are designed to encourage or discourage certain behaviors in order to uphold societal norms and standards. Examples include fines, imprisonment, and court orders.

Question 17

The practices of qakr and ashti within parent-child relationships are part of __________ social norms.

Accepted Answer

Qakr and Ashti are practices commonly seen in Iranian culture, particularly within parent-child relationships.

Question 18

__________ are behaviors designed to mute antagonisms and avoid overt hostility by affirming common bonds and recognizing another person's rights and feelings.

Accepted Answer

Politeness strategies are behaviors that are aimed at avoiding overt hostility and maintaining a harmonious social interaction. These strategies include things like showing deference, expressing gratitude, using euphemisms, and using indirect language to convey negative information. The goal of these strategies is to recognize the rights and feelings of others while affirming common bonds and avoiding overt conflicts or hostility.

Question 19

Evolutionary perspectives on intergroup conflict and conflict resolution emphasize the role of __________ in primate groups.

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary perspectives suggest that dominance hierarchies play a significant role in primate groups, including humans, in determining the allocation of resources and facilitating intergroup conflict and conflict resolution. Dominance hierarchies establish a pecking order among group members, which can reduce the frequency of conflicts and aggression within the group. However, intergroup conflicts may still occur when the interests of different groups clash, and dominance hierarchies may play a role in determining the outcome of such conflicts.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT an example of postconflict reconciliation expressed among primates?

Accepted Answer

Fear grimace is not an example of postconflict reconciliation expressed among primates. It is actually an expression of fear or submission in response to a threat.

Quiz 13: Conflict and Conflict Resolution