Deck 4: Learning: How Experience Changes US

Question 1

In the context of classical conditioning, which of following components "elicits" a response?

A) UR
B) US
C) CER
D) CSR

Answer 1

US

Question 2

Learning that occurs when repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases an organism's responsiveness to the stimulus is called ________.

A) habituation
B) extinction
C) acquisition
D) associative learning

Answer 2

habituation

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

A) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
B) Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.

Answer 3

Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.

Question 4

In Pavlov's initial classical conditioning experiment, salivation eventually becomes the________.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) unconditioned response

Question 5

Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate?

A) The initial strike to the knee is the CS.
B) The initial knee jerk response is the CR.
C) The sound is the CS.
D) The anticipation of being struck in the knee is the CSR.

Question 6

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was _____________.

A) Skinner
B) Tolman
C) Kohler
D) Pavlov

Question 7

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the________________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A) presence of Alan near the aquarium
B) fish swimming to the top
C) aquarium light
D) fish food

Question 8

The ________ occurs without requiring prior learning.

A) US
B) CR
C) CS
D) UR

Question 9

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an)____________.

A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 10

In Pavlov's initial classical conditioning experiment, the food was the ________.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) unconditioned response

Question 11

________ is credited with discovering classical conditioning.

A) John Watson
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) Albert Bandura

Question 12

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?

A) The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus.
B) The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.
C) The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.
D) The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus.

Question 13

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ____________.

A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder, which scared you. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as being a(n) ________.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 15

Psychologists typically define learning as ________.

A) a natural process that automatically occurs due to genetic and biological factors
B) the acquisition of information or a behavioral tendency that is retained for a long period of time
C) any change in behavior whatsoever
D) a reinforced or punished behavior

Question 16

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a ____________.

A) physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk
B) physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys
C) physiologist who was studying digestion
D) dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows

Question 17

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________________.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) memory linkage
D) adaptation

Question 18

Your text authors present the case of ________ in order to suggest how the process of learning operates (in a general sense).

A) Jackie Robinson
B) Jackie Chan
C) Bruce Lee
D) Mike Tyson

Question 19

Which of the following is true about Ivan Pavlov?

A) He was Russian neurologist.
B) He won a Nobel Prize.
C) He discovered operant conditioning.
D) He studied the digestive process in rats.

Question 20

John turns on his fan every night prior to going to sleep. Initially, the sound of the fan is distracting, but after a short period of time he is able to fall asleep in spite of the noise. John's falling asleep in spite of the noise most closely resembles which of the following?

A) habituation
B) associative learning
C) classical conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 21

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, the _______________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A) can of cat food
B) sound of the electric can opener
C) dish that Harmony puts the food in
D) cat scurrying into the kitchen

Question 22

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ______.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Question 23

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a _______.

A) primary reinforcer
B) positive reinforcer
C) conditioned response
D) secondary reinforcer

Question 24

Some researchers argue that having a built-in readiness for certain conditioned stimuli makes particular sense from a(n) ________ perspective.

A) environmental
B) social
C) evolutionary
D) neurological

Question 25

An important discovery stemming from Watson and Rayner's experiment was that ________.

A) phobias can be reversed
B) some phobias are more probable due to preparedness
C) children experience phobias more often than had previously been thought
D) phobias may be explained by using principles of classical conditioning

Question 26

Which of the following has been demonstrated to be least effective when trying to classically condition a response?

A) backward pairing
B) delayed conditioning
C) forward conditioning
D) trace conditioning

Question 27

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert?

A) a rat
B) a loud noise
C) a high chair
D) a small enclosed space

Question 28

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called __________.

A) biological preparedness
B) inherited conditioned dispositions
C) long-term spontaneous recovery
D) single repetition conditioning

Question 29

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

A) instinctive drift
B) innate learning
C) conditioned taste aversion
D) conditioned emotional response

Question 30

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.

A) based on classical conditioning
B) deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants
C) based on the principle of observational learning
D) based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement

Question 31

________ is viewed as the founder of behaviorism.

A) John Watson
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) Albert Bandura

Question 32

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the __________________ in his study.

A) discriminative stimulus
B) counterconditioning stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 33

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell. You sound the bell and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because _________.

A) the bell was not a distinctive sound
B) the bell should have been sounded after the animal ate the biscuit
C) you should have had an even longer interval between the bell and the biscuit
D) the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the bell

Question 34

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ______.

A) white rat
B) loud noise
C) fear of the rat
D) fear of the noise

Question 35

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a ________.

A) white mouse
B) brown mouse
C) white rat
D) white puppy

Question 36

In Pavlov's initial classical conditioning studies, ________ served as the CS.

A) the dog
B) food
C) salivation
D) the tone

Question 37

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of _______________.

A) instrumental learning
B) observational learning
C) classical conditioning
D) habituation

Question 38

The abbreviation CS stands for _____________.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) correlated stimulus
C) conventional structure
D) conditional situation

Question 39

In classical conditioning, the initial learning of the conditioned response is called ________.

A) acquisition
B) backward pairing
C) trace conditioning
D) forward conditioning

Question 40

Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In this example, the sound of the can opener is the ______________.

A) primary stimulus
B) positive reinforcer
C) conditioned stimulus
D) secondary reinforcer

Question 41

What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

A) Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back.
B) After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back.
C) His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
D) His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.

Question 42

Some researchers believe that classical conditioning takes place only because ________.

A) the pairing of the CS and US doesn't provide useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US
B) the pairing of the CS and UR provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the CS
C) the pairing of the CS and US provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US
D) the pairing of the US and UR provides information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US

Question 43

Spontaneous recovery immediately follows which of the following?

A) extinction
B) acquisition
C) rest period
D) trace conditioning

Question 44

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called _____________.

A) stimulus generalization
B) stimulus adaptation
C) response generalization
D) transfer of habit strength

Question 45

The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest was a blonde best illustrates ________.

A) stimulus generalization
B) generalization gradient
C) stimulus discrimination
D) discrimination gradient

Question 46

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called ______________.

A) CR fading
B) extinction
C) habituation
D) generalization fading

Question 47

Generally, it is best to present the CS followed immediately by the US for conditioning to occur. One exception to this rule is illustrated by ________.

A) food aversions
B) conditioning voluntary responses
C) tactile aversions
D) conditioning eye blink responses

Question 48

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ______.

A) counterconditioning
B) instinctive drift
C) spontaneous recovery
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 49

Systematic desensitization is primarily based on principles of ________.

A) behaviorism
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) vicarious conditioning

Question 50

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not _____________________ had occurred.

A) behavior modification
B) stimulus discrimination
C) extinction
D) stimulus generalization

Question 51

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions?

A) Seligman
B) Garcia
C) Skinner
D) Watson

Question 52

Suppose you imagine eating a delicious dessert and then you actually start salivating. In this scenario, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A) dessert
B) image of dessert
C) individual's appetite
D) food aversion

Question 53

If Steven's ________ has been removed, then autonomic responses of fear will probably disappear.

A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) cerebellum

Question 54

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________.

A) blocking
B) conditioned taste-aversion
C) operant taste conditioning
D) noncontingent conditioning

Question 55

Anticipatory nausea is seen in some people who ________.

A) are receiving chemotherapy
B) have lung disease
C) have stomach ailments
D) do not respond well to nontraditional medicines

Question 56

The concept of a conditioned compensatory response best helps in understanding ________.

A) drug overdoses
B) taste aversions
C) phobias
D) immune functioning

Question 57

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as ________.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) higher-order conditioning
C) extinction
D) stimulus generalization

Question 58

As a teenager, Jill, while sitting at a bus stop, realized that a large spider was on her leg; she then darted away from the bus stop but was hit in the head by a bottle that someone had been throwing into a nearby trashcan. Even though Jill doesn't have a fear of bottles, she vehemently fears spiders. This example specifically illustrates ________.

A) delayed conditioning
B) contrapreparedness
C) conditioned emotional response
D) avoidance learning

Question 59

Taste aversion is an example of ________.

A) punishment that is contingent on the behavior exhibited
B) classical conditioning from a single pairing of CS and US
C) simultaneous conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 60

________ was accidentally discovered by Garcia and colleagues when they studied the effects of radiation on rats.

A) Anticipatory nausea
B) Taste perception
C) A variant of classical conditioning
D) Taste aversion

Question 61

"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of ________________.

A) the law of positive reinforcement
B) Rescorla's cognitive perspective
C) Thorndike's Law of Effect
D) Garcia's conditional emotional response

Question 62

A behavioral intervention for treating anticipatory nausea is ________.

A) the use of chemotherapy medications
B) positive reinforcement
C) relaxation techniques
D) cognitive rehearsal

Question 63

A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example?

A) punisher
B) positive reinforcer
C) negative reinforcer
D) conditioned response

Question 64

Thorndike was known for his work with ______.

A) a Skinner box
B) a puzzle box
C) modeling
D) monkeys

Question 65

Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to _____________________.

A) cats
B) rabbits
C) dogs
D) pigeons

Question 66

The authors note that "Reinforcement is in the eyes of the recipient," because ________.

A) what serve as reinforcers for some may serve as punishers for others
B) reinforcers decrease the probability of an undesirable behavior
C) reinforcers are primarily visual in nature
D) reinforcers increase the probability of a given behavior

Question 67

________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the ________.

A) Like; response
B) Unlike; response
C) Unlike; consequence
D) Like; stimulus

Question 68

Which of the following is true about a Skinner box?

A) It cannot deliver food.
B) It cannot deliver water.
C) It can quantify behavioral responses.
D) It was primarily designed to avoid having to handle rats.

Question 69

Who of the following used "puzzle boxes" to learn more about instrumental conditioning?

A) Watson
B) Thorndike
C) Pavlov
D) Skinner
E) Bandura

Question 70

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

A) if it is a primary reinforcer
B) if it is a positive reinforcer
C) if it is a negative reinforcer
D) regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur.

Question 71

Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses?

A) Pavlov
B) Watson
C) Skinner
D) Thorndike

Question 72

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by _______________.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) biofeedback theory
D) social learning theory

Question 73

When good things happen to someone, the probability of repeating the behavior that occurred before the good things increases. This best illustrates ________.

A) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
B) the Law of Effect
C) generalization
D) the law of desirable consequences

Question 74

In operant conditioning, _____________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.

A) reinforcement
B) the law of negative effect
C) conditional emotional linkages
D) a long time delay

Question 75

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as ________.

A) good is to bad
B) increase is to decrease
C) reward is to punish
D) present is to remove

Question 76

The person MOST closely associated with the Law of Effect is ______.

A) Watson
B) Skinner
C) Pavlov
D) Thorndike

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior?

A) a child doing her homework after she receives her teacher's approval for her behavior
B) a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for this behavior
C) a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented
D) a rat pressing a bar after avoiding a shock for this behavior

Question 78

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ______.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) vicarious learning
D) cognitive learning

Question 79

You may be inadvertently reinforcing undesirable behavior by telling someone off because ________.

A) scolding is positively punishing
B) by scolding the recipient you are paying attention to that person
C) the recipient never takes anything seriously
D) scolding is negatively punishing

Question 80

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________________.

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) effective based learning
D) spontaneous recovery