Question 1

In the context of classical conditioning, which of following components "elicits" a response?
A) UR
B) US
C) CER
D) CSR

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) elicits an unconditioned response (UR). The association between the US and a neutral stimulus (i.e., the conditioned stimulus, CS) leads to the development of a conditioned response (CR) to the CS. Therefore, it is the US that elicits the UR, which is the natural, unlearned response to a specific stimulus.

Question 2

Learning that occurs when repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases an organism's responsiveness to the stimulus is called ________.
A) habituation
B) extinction
C) acquisition
D) associative learning

Accepted Answer

Habituation occurs when an organism becomes less responsive to a repeated stimulus.

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?
A) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
B) Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov was originally studying the digestive system in dogs when he noticed their salivary response to food. He then shifted his focus to studying the process of conditioning.

Question 4

In Pavlov's initial classical conditioning experiment, salivation eventually becomes the________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) unconditioned response

Accepted Answer

Salivation is initially the unconditioned response to the unconditioned stimulus of food. However, during the pairing of food with a neutral stimulus (such as a bell), the bell becomes the conditioned stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response of salivation.

Question 5

Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate?
A) The initial strike to the knee is the CS.
B) The initial knee jerk response is the CR.
C) The sound is the CS.
D) The anticipation of being struck in the knee is the CSR.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is the neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit the conditioned response (CR). In this scenario, the sound is the neutral stimulus which we want to associate with the knee jerk response. Therefore, C is the correct answer. The initial strike to the knee (which elicits the knee jerk response) is the UCS, and the knee jerk response is the UR. There is no such thing as a CSR in classical conditioning.

Question 6

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was _____________.
A) Skinner
B) Tolman
C) Kohler
D) Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Pavlov is credited with discovering classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs and their conditioned response to the sound of a bell. Skinner, Tolman, and Kohler are known for their work in behaviorism, operant conditioning, and insight learning, respectively.

Question 7

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the________________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
A) presence of Alan near the aquarium
B) fish swimming to the top
C) aquarium light
D) fish food

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is something that naturally produces a response without any prior learning, and in this case, it is the fish food. The fish swim to the top because they have learned to associate the presence of light with food, which is the conditioned response.

Question 8

The ________ occurs without requiring prior learning.
A) US
B) CR
C) CS
D) UR

Accepted Answer

The UR (unconditioned response) is the automatic and innate response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), which occurs without prior learning. The CR (conditioned response) is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (CS) that has been paired with the US. Therefore, choices A, B, and C involve learned responses and are not correct.

Question 9

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an)____________.
A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

The meat powder is an unconditioned stimulus because it elicits the unconditioned response of salivation without any prior learning or conditioning.

Question 10

In Pavlov's initial classical conditioning experiment, the food was the ________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) unconditioned response

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's initial classical conditioning experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which naturally and automatically elicits a response without any prior learning or conditioning.

Question 11

________ is credited with discovering classical conditioning.
A) John Watson
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) Albert Bandura

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is credited with discovering classical conditioning through his famous experiments with dogs and their salivation response to food. John Watson and B.F. Skinner were notable behaviorists who built on Pavlov's work, while Albert Bandura is known for his work on social learning theory.

Question 12

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?
A) The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus.
B) The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.
C) The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.
D) The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response, without any prior learning. In this experiment, the puff of air to the eye is the UCS, as it naturally and automatically causes the rabbit to blink its eye. The sound is the conditioned stimulus (CS), because it initially had no effect on the rabbit's behavior, but after being paired with the puff of air, it became associated with the UCS and came to elicit the same response (eye blinking). The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned response (CR), which is the learned response to the CS.

Question 13

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ____________.
A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

The salivation in response to the food is an unconditioned response, as it is a natural and automatic response to the presentation of the food.

Question 14

Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder, which scared you. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as being a(n) ________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The lightning has become a conditioned stimulus because it now elicits a response (flinching) that was previously only elicited by the unconditioned stimulus of thunder. The flinching response is now a conditioned response.

Question 15

Psychologists typically define learning as ________.
A) a natural process that automatically occurs due to genetic and biological factors
B) the acquisition of information or a behavioral tendency that is retained for a long period of time
C) any change in behavior whatsoever
D) a reinforced or punished behavior

Accepted Answer

Psychologists generally consider learning as the acquisition of information or behavioral tendency that occurs through experience and is retained for relatively long periods. Option A is incorrect, as learning can occur due to both natural processes and deliberate efforts. Option C is too broad, and not all changes in behavior can be attributed to learning. Option D is too limited, as learning can occur through means other than reinforcement and punishment.

Question 16

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a ____________.
A) physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk
B) physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys
C) physiologist who was studying digestion
D) dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, while he was studying the digestion in dogs.

Question 17

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________________.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) memory linkage
D) adaptation

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus that is not naturally associated with that response. Operant conditioning involves learning to make a voluntary response to a stimulus that is reinforced or punished. Memory linkage refers to the association of two memories that are unrelated, while adaptation refers to an organism's ability to adjust to its environment over time.

Question 18

Your text authors present the case of ________ in order to suggest how the process of learning operates (in a general sense).
A) Jackie Robinson
B) Jackie Chan
C) Bruce Lee
D) Mike Tyson

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your text authors present the case of...

Question 19

Which of the following is true about Ivan Pavlov?
A) He was Russian neurologist.
B) He won a Nobel Prize.
C) He discovered operant conditioning.
D) He studied the digestive process in rats.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist, not a neurologist, known for his work in classical conditioning, not operant conditioning. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for his research on digestion, specifically in dogs, not rats.

Question 20

John turns on his fan every night prior to going to sleep. Initially, the sound of the fan is distracting, but after a short period of time he is able to fall asleep in spite of the noise. John's falling asleep in spite of the noise most closely resembles which of the following?
A) habituation
B) associative learning
C) classical conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

John's ability to no longer be distracted by the noise of the fan after repeated exposure is an example of habituation, which is a form of non-associative learning where an organism decreases its response to a repeated stimulus. It is not a form of associative learning (B) or classical (C) or operant conditioning (D).

Quiz 4: Learning: How Experience Changes US

In the context of classical conditioning, which of following components "elicits" a response?

Learning that occurs when repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases an organism's responsiveness to the stimulus is called ________.

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

In Pavlov's initial classical conditioning experiment, salivation eventually becomes the________.

Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate?

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was _____________.

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the________________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

The ________ occurs without requiring prior learning.

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an) ____________.

In Pavlov's initial classical conditioning experiment, the food was the ________.

________ is credited with discovering classical conditioning.

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ____________.

Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder, which scared you. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as being a(n) ________.

Psychologists typically define learning as ________.

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a ____________.

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________________.

Your text authors present the case of ________ in order to suggest how the process of learning operates (in a general sense) .

Which of the following is true about Ivan Pavlov?

John turns on his fan every night prior to going to sleep. Initially, the sound of the fan is distracting, but after a short period of time he is able to fall asleep in spite of the noise. John's falling asleep in spite of the noise most closely resembles which of the following?