Deck 12: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Children executing the concept of seriation on 10 similar objects of varying lengths must be able to decenter to complete their task.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is the difference between spontaneous concepts and scientific concepts?

A) Scientific concepts are formal and taught in schools, whereas spontaneous concepts are informal and unscientific.
B) Scientific concepts are informal and taught in schools, whereas spontaneous concepts are formal and unscientific.
C) Scientific concepts are formal and taught in schools, whereas spontaneous concepts are formal and unscientific.
D) Scientific concepts are informal and taught in schools, whereas spontaneous concepts are informal and unscientific.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to the text,arrange the different types of seriation based on when a child develops an appropriate understanding of them beginning from the youngest age to the oldest).

A) length, weight, volume
B) weight, volume, length
C) volume, weight, length
D) weight, length, volume

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The ability to remove focus from only one attribute and to consider varying aspects of a problem is referred to as

A) conserving.
B) decentering.
C) attributing.
D) reversibility.

Question 5

Piaget's term horizontal decalage refers to

A) increase in cognitive development throughout middle childhood.
B) fluctuation in cognitive development throughout middle childhood.
C) the variability at which children develop an understanding of different aspects of conservation.
D) decrease in cognitive development throughout middle childhood. Knowledge,

Question 6

How did Vygotsky's research differ from Piaget's?

A) Vygotsky focused his research on adults, whereas Piaget focused his on children.
B) Vygotsky stressed the role of school instruction in the advancement of cognitive development, whereas Piaget neglected such an influence.
C) Vygotsky compared the development of children with that of their parents, whereas Piaget compared the development of Swiss children with that of Western scientists.
D) Piaget and Vygotsky's research were one and the same.

Question 7

Transitive inference is

A) the relationship between two objects based on a comparison with a third object.
B) the transition of two objects from one location to another.
C) the belief that one belief is the result of two compromising beliefs.
D) None of these.

Question 8

For many children,but not all,Piaget's formal operations stage begins around _____ years of age.

A) 8-9
B) 9-10
C) 10-11
D) 11-12

Question 9

In the context of the text,what is conservation?

A) the protection and preservation of a natural resource
B) the realization that the essence of something remains the same even though surface characteristics may change
C) the restoration of historical works of art for the enjoyment of generations to come
D) All of these
Comprehension,

Question 10

Children enter Piaget's stage of concrete operations at age ______ years.

A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8

Question 11

Explain why critics believe there are limitations to Piaget's findings in regards to cognitive development.

Question 12

The ability of a child to retrace their thinking is known as

A) compensation.
B) identify.
C) conservation.
D) reversibility.

Question 13

A child in the preoperational stage can easily accomplish a task requiring classification but will struggle with class inclusion.
Knowledge,

Question 14

Vygotsky's reference of "scientific" in scientific concepts refers to both scientific subjects and information related to academic learning.

Question 15

A child is shown five dogs and five cats.Four dogs are added.The child is then asked if there are more dogs or more animals.A child in the concrete operational stage would reply "more animals." This is an example of

A) hierarchical classification.
B) class inclusion.
C) reversibility.
D) Both A and B.

Question 16

Hierarchical classification requires

A) an understanding that small groups are part of larger groups.
B) an understanding that subclasses are part of classes.
C) an understanding that all classes are dependent on each other.
D) Both A and B.

Question 17

Children in the preoperational stage can execute the concept of seriation if given five objects of varying lengths.

Question 18

Vygotsky believed that education preceded cognitive development and that instruction must occur within the zone of proximal development.

Question 19

Seriation is a child's ability to arrange objects

A) based on color.
B) alphabetically.
C) by increasing or decreasing size.
D) in any manner of one's choosing.

Question 20

Piaget's work has several implications for today's educators,when assisting children through the concrete operational stage.Give three suggestions educators can use to assist children in progressing through Piaget's concrete operations stage.

Question 21

Explain the limitations of Vygotsky's theory,according to critics.

Question 22

Attention refers to the ability to focus on multiple sources of information,while ignoring others.

Question 23

To promote learning in the classroom,teachers may use scaffolding by the employment of which strategyies)?

A) questioning
B) summarizing
C) clarifying and predicting
D) All of these

Question 24

Placing information in one's memory is known as

A) memorizing.
B) encoding.
C) deciphering.
D) None of these.

Question 25

Attention difficulties can be improved through training.

Question 26

Age is a factor in the functioning ability of children diagnosed with ADHD.

Question 27

Upon returning to her hometown during a college break,Sarah walks into her high school gymnasium.Upon entering the gymnasium she experiences flashbacks to her graduation ceremony,her friends,and her family.This type of memory is referred to as

A) episodic memory.
B) vivid memory.
C) autobiographical memory.
D) Both A and C.

Question 28

Brad's first-grade teacher notices that Brad is having

A) predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
B) predominantly inattentive
C) combined hyperactivity and inattentive
D) All of these

Question 29

During middle childhood,children

A) are better able to selectively attend to information.
B) inhibit inappropriate responses.
C) improve in their abilities to use and describe strategies for increasing selective attention.
D) All of these.

Question 30

The _______________ helps children regulate their thoughts and emotions and involves goal-directed behavior.

A) altering network
B) orienting network
C) executive control network
D) attention network

Question 31

The neural network that helps children sustain attention when working on a task is known as the

A) alerting network.
B) orienting network.
C) executive control network.
D) attention network.

Question 32

Identify the subtypes) of ADHD.

A) predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
B) predominantly inattentive
C) combined hyperactivity-impulsive and inattentive
D) All of these

Question 33

How do information-processing theorists differ from Piaget and Vygotsky?

A) They do not believe children's development occurs in stages.
B) They do not focus solely on the importance of social interaction.
C) They believe that children's development occurs in stages.
D) Both A and B.

Question 34

Identify two reasons that children may experience differing levels of selective attention.

Question 35

Older children are just as susceptible to suggestibility as younger children.

Question 36

Trent is asked to identify a blue R on a computer screen that contains other items of a similar nature,such as a blue M.At the age of 5,he would find this task

A) auditory selective attention
B) metacognition
C) visual selective attention
D) demicognition

Question 37

The part of the brain responsible for maintaining attention when task requirements change is

A) the angular cingulate gyrus.
B) centered in the frontal and parietal lobes.
C) located solely in the frontal lobe.
D) centered in the temporal lobe.

Question 38

Which neural network helps children reach and maintain an alert state in the attentional process?

A) alerting network
B) orienting network
C) executive control network
D) attention network

Question 39

During class,Amy listens to the new lesson the teacher is presenting.However,her seat is next to the door to the hallway.She hears conversations as students and teachers pass by.To focus solely on the teacher and the lesson,Amy must use

A) selective attention.
B) decentering.
C) refocusing.
D) focused attention.

Question 40

Metacognition

A) is a child's ability to think about his or her own thought processes and to use that knowledge to reach a goal.
B) is necessary for regulation of executive function.
C) strengthens during the middle-childhood years.
D) All of these.

Question 41

How does working memory improve during middle childhood?

Question 42

Wechsler criticized the Stanford-Binet scale because

A) Binet's test assessed the skills of Parisian children and did not account for societal differences.
B) he believed it relied too heavily on verbal skills.
C) he believed it lacked thorough analysis of a child's verbal skills.
D) it contained performance subtests.

Question 43

Of the forms of metacognition,which do researchers consider to be the most complex?

A) declarative
B) procedural
C) conditional
D) All are complex in varying degrees.

Question 44

_____ metacognition is knowing when and why to apply certain strategies.

A) Declarative
B) Procedural
C) Conditional
D) Unconditional

Question 45

Low IQ test scores alone determine if a child has an intellectual disability.

Question 46

Binet's scale was successful in France and proved transferrable,without alteration,to other cultures.

Question 47

What does Lynn Meltzer believe teachers can do to aid children in using memory strategies in the classroom?

Question 48

Attention and memory are connected.

Question 49

According to Baddeley's model of memory,the _____ stores and manipulates speech-based information.

A) crystallized system
B) episodic buffer
C) phonological loop
D) visuospatial sketchpad

Question 50

There is a universal definition of intelligence.

Question 51

The encoding of information occurs in one's

A) working memory.
B) sensory register
C) long-term memory.
D) Both A and B.

Question 52

Binet's test was created to

A) label children's innate abilities.
B) devise a method for identifying children whose lack of success in the typical classroom setting suggested the need for special education.
C) assess the quality of education of Parisian society.
D) enhance Binet's hypothesis that children should be able to complete identified tasks by a certain age.

Question 53

According to standard intelligence tests,what percentage of children are considered "gifted?"

A) 1%
B) 3%
C) 5%
D) 7%

Question 54

_____ metacognition is knowing what do when faced with a challenge.

A) Declarative
B) Procedural
C) Conditional
D) Unconditional Knowledge,

Question 55

When studying Aplysia,Eric Kandel discovered that short-term memories are a result of causing changes in the strengths of the connections between synapses in the neurons in the brain,changes known as

A) neuron enhancement.
B) synaptic marking.
C) cognitive development.
D) neurosynaptic marking.

Question 56

During middle childhood,_____ is vital to a child's development and education,as it allows children to develop language skills and math performance.

A) working memory
B) long-term memory
C) crystallized systems
D) fluid systems

Question 57

Critics believe that the information-processing theory is not a holistic theory of children's cognitive development.

Question 58

Identify the proper sequence for remembering information.

A) retrieve, story, encode
B) store, encode, retrieve
C) encode, store, retrieve
D) store, retrieve, encode

Question 59

Identify three memory strategies and how children use them when processing information.

Question 60

______ metacognition involves knowing how to apply available strategies.

A) Declarative
B) Procedural
C) Conditional
D) Unconditional Knowledge,

Question 61

The goal of bilingual education is to

A) teach English.
B) improve the academic achievement of English-language learners.
C) permit English speakers to learn a second language.
D) All of these.

Question 62

Which researchers) has have) contributed to the discussion of intelligence?

A) Binet
B) Gardner
C) Sternberg
D) All of these.

Question 63

The social rules of language are known as

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) pragmatics.
D) language.

Question 64

What factor separates Gardner's concept of intelligence from that of Sternberg's theory?

A) Sternberg's elements that comprise his triarchic theory of intelligence are connected, whereas Gardner's are separate and independent.
B) Sternberg's theory is too comprehensive , whereas Gardner's is more simple. .
C) Sternberg's elements are independent of each other, whereas Gardner's elements depend on the development of each element.
D) Sternberg's theory is untested, whereas Gardner's theory is universally accepted.

Question 65

The No Child Left Behind Act was established to meet the needs of

A) underserved populations.
B) English-language learners.
C) Dual-language learners.
D) All of these.

Question 66

Alex and Sarah are competing in a three-legged-race.Mid-race,Sarah trips and they finish the race in last place.Walking away upset,Alex states "great job,Sarah." Alex's comment to Sarah is an example of a)

A) hyperbole.
B) sarcasm.
C) understatement.
D) rhetorical question.

Question 67

Jackson was riding his bike when he lost control and crashed.Walking into the kitchen,Jackson showed his mom his skinned-up knees and hands,but told his mom "it is only a scratch" and insisted on returning to his friends.Jackson's downplaying of his injuries is an example of an)

A) hyperbole.
B) sarcasm.
C) understatement
D) rhetorical question.

Question 68

The meaning of phrases and sentences is known as

A) syntax.
B) pragmatics.
C) semantics.
D) language.

Question 69

"I have a ton of homework" is an example of a)

A) hyperbole.
B) sarcasm.
C) understatement.
D) rhetorical question.

Question 70

____ refers to the combination of words to form understandable phrases/sentences.

A) Syntax
B) Pragmatics
C) Semantics
D) Language

Question 71

One of Stephanie's chores is taking out the trash.Her mom is frustrated because she continually has to remind Stephanie to complete the chore.One day,Stephanie's mom asks,without expecting an answer,"How many times have I told you to take out the trash?" Stephanie's mom's comment is an example of a)

A) hyperbole.
B) sarcasm.
C) understatement.
D) rhetorical question.

Question 72

Binet and Wechsler believed intelligence to be a general characteristic,whereas Gardner has proposed ______ types of intelligence.

A) five
B) six
C) seven
D) eight

Question 73

Bilingual education and secondary language learning are one and the same.

Question 74

Bilingual teaching approaches are superior to all-English teaching approaches based on students' subsequent achievement test scores.

Question 75

A child's vocabulary improves through

A) conversations with friends.
B) instruction in an educational setting.
C) reading.
D) All of these.

Question 76

What percentage of school-aged children in the United States speaks a language other than English at home?

A) 15%
B) 18%
C) 21%
D) 24%

Question 77

According to Gardner,of the eight types of intelligence he has identified,which are the most highly valued in today's education systems?

A) Linguistic and Logical-mathematical
B) Musical and Spatial
C) Interpersonal and Naturalistic
D) Intrapersonal and Bodily-kinesthetic

Question 78

How many years does it take for English-language learners to move from the lowest level of ability to speak English to the proficient level?

A) 3-5 years
B) 4-7 years
C) 5-8 years
D) 5-7 years

Question 79

Upon reaching middle childhood,children learn close to ___ new words a day.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40 Knowledge,

Question 80

The ability to think about language in relation to its structure and use is referred to as

A) metalinguistic awareness.
B) comprehension.
C) literacy.
D) None of these.