Deck 2: Personality Traits: a Good Theory

Question 1

Because traits cannot be directly measured in the same way that weight can researchers think of traits as ______________ concepts.

A) hypothetical
B) illusory
C) statistical
D) experimental

Answer 1

hypothetical

Question 2

In the research on what can be learned about one's personality from their living environment, all of the following were descriptions used in the research

A) Anxious, easily upset.
B) Critical, quarrelsome.
C) Gentle, compassionate.
D) Disorganized, careless.

Answer 2

Gentle, compassionate.

Question 3

Eysenck suggested that the human personality is organized into a hierarchy that included all of the following levels of organization

A) Type Level.
B) Trait Level.
C) Personal Level.
D) Specific Response Level.

Answer 3

Personal Level.

Question 4

The term "oral personality" would be most closely associated with which personality theorist?

A) Eysenck
B) Allport
C) Jung
D) Freud

Question 5

An early example of the idiographic method was Allport's analysis of a series of letters between a woman to which he gave the pseudonym of

A) Jenny.
B) H.M.
C) Dora.
D) Gretel.

Question 6

According to Eysenck, if we notice that certain traits tend to occur together in people then we can say that we've identified ALL of the following

A) a syndrome.
B) an ideographic pattern.
C) a personality trait.
D) "observed constellation of traits".

Question 7

You would likely adopt the _________ approach for your research.

A) nomothetic
B) ideographic
C) psychodynamic
D) universalist

Question 8

Currently there are two basic methods for studying traits, the _________ approach and the ____________ approach.

A) idiopathic; psychoanalytic
B) ideographic; nomothetic
C) Freudian; Rogerian
D) scientific; philosophical

Question 9

Some psychologists view traits as simple summaries of behavior, but others see them as much more, even as __________________.

A) the essence of a person
B) ego syntonic
C) genetic motivations
D) causal properties

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT one of those kinds?

A) primary
B) central
C) secondary
D) cardinal

Question 11

Allport suggested that the individual

A) must be studied by science.
B) could not be studied by science.
C) is a mystery that is beyond our understanding.
D) is too changeable from situation to situation to be comprehended.

Question 12

The psychologist who is said to have found a way of studying both the general (nomothetic) and specific (idiographic) aspects of human personality is

A) Allport.
B) Freud.
C) Eysenck.
D) Maslow.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in chapter 2?

A) The theoretical approach
B) The observational approach
C) The lexical approach
D) The measurement approach

Question 14

The psychologist who is often blamed for starting the battle between the idiographic and nomothetic approaches is

A) Lewin.
B) Maslow.
C) Freud.
D) Allport.

Question 15

If, in researching personality, you were to study the number of synonyms that are used to describe personality in that language you would be employing what type of approach?

A) Nomothetic
B) Lexical
C) Psychodynamic
D) Linguistic

Question 16

In the concept of Eysenck's pyramid, one would find idiosyncratic reactions

A) in the trait level.
B) nowhere.
C) higher in the pyramid.
D) lower in the pyramid.

Question 17

This is his passion, to the exclusion of all other values and activities. This "ruling passion" would be described by Allport as a

A) ego dystonic trait.
B) central trait.
C) secondary trait.
D) cardinal trait.

Question 18

Gosling, Ko, Mannarelli, and Morris reasoned that when people live in an environment they leave behind behavioral _________________.

A) residue
B) hints
C) evidence
D) "finger prints"

Question 19

__________ describe(s) a person's typical style of thinking, feeling, and acting in different kinds of situations and at different times.

A) Personality
B) Traits
C) Ego
D) Habits

Question 20

Complete the following quote from Kurt Lewin: "There is nothing so practical as a good ______."

A) research project
B) applied degree
C) psychologist
D) theory

Question 21

Your set of questions will likely focus on

A) intellectual rumination.
B) negative emotions.
C) fears.
D) intelligence.

Question 22

Eysenck; McCrae and others have theorized that for personality traits to be universal they must be rooted in

A) theory.
B) nomothetic theory.
C) truth.
D) biology.

Question 23

Using a test of Eysenck's Factors you would expect your client to score high on the _______________ scale.

A) Psychoticism
B) Extraversion
C) Neuroticism
D) Psychopathy

Question 24

On which scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire does the following question appear? "Does your mood often go up and down?"

A) Psychoticism
B) Anxiety
C) Extraversion
D) Neuroticism

Question 25

Individuals low Eysenck's Neuroticism factor tend to be all of the following

A) even-tempered.
B) careful.
C) unemotional.
D) quick to recover from upsetting experiences.

Question 26

In Eysenck's model, all of the following are associated with Psychoticism

A) acute empathy.
B) egocentricism.
C) impulsivity.
D) aggression.

Question 27

For Eysenck all of the following are associated with Extraversion

A) sociability.
B) sensation seeking.
C) social domination.
D) anxiety.

Question 28

Research suggests that several widely used personality tests seem to contain _____ factors.

A) two
B) five
C) eight
D) ten

Question 29

The following question in Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire appears on the ___________ scale: "Do you enjoy practical jokes that can sometimes really hurt people?"

A) Neuroticism
B) Introversion
C) Psychoticism
D) Psychopathy

Question 30

Each of the __________ factors describes personality at a high level of abstraction summarizing a large number of more distinct lower level traits.

A) Cardinal Ten
B) Big Five
C) Primary Eight
D) Distinct Seven

Question 31

For the Eysencks (Hans and Sybil) a typical introvert is all of the following

A) introspective.
B) reading.
C) fond of new things.
D) forward planning.

Question 32

When doing factor analysis, which factor generally accounts for the greatest amount of the variation in the data?

A) The first factor
B) The last factor
C) The cardinal factor
D) The dominant factor

Question 33

Eysenck used data from _________ to support his claim for biological differences in his three superfactors.

A) rats
B) human twins
C) huge populations in several countries
D) the Human Genome Project

Question 34

Which of Eysenk's factors refers to negative emotionality?

A) Neuroticism
B) Psychoticism
C) Extraversion
D) Anxiety

Question 35

______________ used factor analysis to discover 16 personality factors.

A) Freud
B) Allport
C) Costa
D) Cattell

Question 36

All of the following are Factors in Eysenk's PEN model

A) Extraversion.
B) Neuroticism.
C) Psychoticism.
D) Introversion.

Question 37

Instead of five factors Hans Eysenck proposed

A) four factors.
B) sixteen mini-factors.
C) eleven broad traits.
D) three superfactors.

Question 38

Developing questionnaires is most closely associated with which approach to the study of personality?

A) Factor analysis
B) Theoretical
C) Lexical
D) Measurement

Question 39

Using statistics to see how various personality variables and terms cluster together is known as

A) factor analysis.
B) analysis of variance.
C) statistical analysis.
D) measurement analysis.

Question 40

Eysenck identified ________ traits that were associated with each of his three superfactors.

A) genetic
B) broad
C) narrow
D) factor analytic

Question 41

As conceptualized in the textbook

A) there is considerable psychological benefit to being high on the Openness factor.
B) there is no particular psychological benefit to being high on the Openness factor.
C) there is considerable psychological benefit to being high on the Extraversion factor.
D) there is no effect of the situation on the value of any particular factor.

Question 42

An individual who has quality interpersonal relations is likely high in the ______________factor.

A) Openness
B) Neuroticism
C) Extraversion
D) Agreeableness

Question 43

The textbook suggests that the smallest number of factors that can account for human personality is

A) one.
B) three.
C) five.
D) sixteen.

Question 44

All of the following are facets of ______________: competence, order, dutifulness, self-discipline.

A) Mental Health
B) Agreeableness
C) Conscientiousness
D) Extraversion

Question 45

In debating the five-factor model, Eysenck suggested that _________ is more of a cognitive factor and should not be considered a dimension of personality.

A) Neuroticism
B) Agreeableness
C) Openness
D) Control

Question 46

All of the following are one of the Big Five

A) Psychoticism
B) Openness
C) Agreeableness
D) Conscientiousness

Question 47

The factor called Emotional Stability in the Big Five is called _______ in the Five-Factor Model.

A) Extraversion.
B) Openness to experience.
C) Ego Strength.
D) Emotional Stability.

Question 48

All of the following are most likely associated with the factor of Openness

A) aesthetics.
B) adventurousness.
C) psychological liberalism.
D) conventional thinking.

Question 49

Marco is likely low in the factor of

A) Conscientiousness.
B) Agreeableness.
C) Extraversion.
D) Paranoia.

Question 50

Agreeing with the item "I often feel tense and jittery" on the NEO Personality Inventory is a strong indicator of

A) control.
B) anxiousness.
C) extraversion.
D) neuroticism.

Question 51

According to Musek the General Personality Factor includes two factors the Alpha (the emotional stability to get along with others) and the Beta (______________).

A) the general ability to understand the world
B) the flexibility to deal with change, etc.
C) the willingness to empathize with others
D) the ability to discharge stress

Question 52

If we think of Neuroticism as a superfactor then all of the following could be facets of Neuroticism

A) cruelty.
B) anxiety.
C) hostility.
D) depression.

Question 53

The Big Five theory describes personality without attempting to explain where these attributes come from, but the Five-Factor Model suggests that the five factors are _________ traits.

A) learned
B) biological
C) programmed
D) philosophical

Question 54

He will likely score high on the _____________ scale of a Five-Factor Model.

A) Neuroticism
B) Openness
C) Extraversion
D) Conscientiousness

Question 55

Which of the following is/are mostly likely a facet of Extraversion?

A) positive emotions
B) anxiety
C) sadness
D) guilt

Question 56

The prominence of Eysenck's theories has been eclipsed by work on

A) Maslow's idea of self-actualization.
B) Cattell's 15 factor model.
C) neo-Freudian ego models.
D) the five-factor model.

Question 57

Eysenck suggests that Catell's scales are

A) essentially valid, but lack reliability.
B) completely wrong.
C) somewhat narrow, but essentially complete.
D) missing key factors of personality.

Question 58

On the NEO-PI-R the six subscales are called

A) subscales.
B) dimensions.
C) facets.
D) factors.

Question 59

Which of the following is most likely NOT a facet of Extraversion?

A) Activity
B) Excitement-seeking
C) Warmth
D) Anxiety

Question 60

In adopting the position that human personality may be explained by one factor, researchers tend to call that factor the

A) one factor.
B) general personality factor.
C) dominant factor.
D) alpha personality factor.

Question 61

Gordon Allport suggested that individuality could not be studied by ______________.

Question 62

Allport developed a theory involving three different kinds of traits: central traits, secondary traits and ___________ traits.

Question 63

An alternative to the five-factor model is a six-factor model known as the ___________ model.

A) Five + one
B) HEXACO
C) Three x Two
D) Ashton-Lee

Question 64

All of the following are factors in the six-factor model

A) Honesty-Humility.
B) Introversion.
C) Agreeableness.
D) Openness to Experience.

Question 65

The first Western scientist to link temperaments with diseases and thus recognizing the relationship between physiology and personality was

A) Empedocles.
B) Aristotle.
C) Galen.
D) Hippocrates.

Question 66

In the field of personality research, the term ________ is used to describe a person's typical style of thinking, feeling, and acting in different kinds of situations at different times.

Question 67

Gosling, Ko, Mannarelli, and Morris suggest that when people live in an environment they leave behavioral _______ behind.

Question 68

Eyenseck developed a hierarchical theory of personality with the ______ Level at the top.

Question 69

Eysenck found a way of studying the general (nomothetic) and the specific (__________) within a single person and developed a theory of personality from there.

Question 70

For Allport, the ________ traits are of major importance in understanding the person.

Question 71

______________ analysis is a statistical technique that mathematically identifies a meaningful underlying structure among a set of variables.

Question 72

The ______________ approach to personality traits investigates a particular language and identifies the number of synonyms that describe personality.

Question 73

In his research on personality traits Hans Eysenck identified three ___________.

Question 74

This would be known as a ____________ trait.

Question 75

The textbook discusses two main approaches to the study of personality traits: the nomothetic approach and the _______________ approach.

Question 76

Building Cattell's statistical work that identified 16 personality factors researchers have identified a group of factors known as the Big _______.

Question 77

In terms of the Big Five the Alpha level of the GPF model would include all of the following

A) Agreeableness.
B) Emotional Stability.
C) Intelligence.
D) Consciousness.

Question 78

In the consideration of just how many personality factors actually exist, Wiggins has suggested the "Big Two" of Extraversion and

A) Introversion.
B) Anxiety.
C) Psychoticism.
D) Socialized.

Question 79

The major difference between five-factor models and six-factor models is the inclusion of ________ as a factor.

A) Mental Health
B) Openness to Experience
C) Extraversion
D) Honest-Humility

Question 80

Because traits cannot be measured directly, psychologists describe them as ______________ concepts.