Deck 13: Victims in the Twenty-First Century: Alternative Directions

Question 1

Legal use of self-defense requires _____.

A) the threat posed by an aggressor must be imminent
B) the aggressor must be armed with a deadly weapon
C) the individual must always shoot to injure
D) an announcement of the intent to use deadly force

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When people were polled in 2013 about whether they or close personal friend or relative had been a victim of a crime involving a gun, _____ answered yes.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A citizen does not have to yield or concede any territory to those who would encroach on his or her autonomy under the _____.

A) Victim's Bill of Rights
B) individualist rationale
C) rationale of necessity
D) Victim-Offender Reconciliation Act

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Resistance to attack using self-defense is justified as a way of preserving law and order under the _____.

A) punitive rationale
B) rationale of necessity
C) social rationale
D) all of these

Question 5

According to the _____, using force against an attacker is permissible because any injuries the aggressor suffers are deserved.

A) punitive rationale
B) rationale of necessity
C) social rationale
D) all of these

Question 6

A go-between is necessary to facilitate the flow of information from one disputant to another in: _____.

A) conciliation
B) arbitration
C) restoration
D) retaliation

Question 7

Which of the following is an outlawed alternative to formal case processing within the criminal justice system that embodies a do-it-yourself to settling disputes?

A) informal justice
B) victim justice
C) vigilantism
D) rehabilitative justice

Question 8

Retributive justice is most associated with _____.

A) resolution via the criminal justice system
B) acts that harm specific individuals
C) mediation, negotiation, and consensus
D) accepting responsibility and making amends

Question 9

_____ is a mode of conflict resolution that relies on the use of force, not negotiation and compromise. It has a long and bloody history and its goal is not reconciliation but revenge.

A) Restorative justice
B) Victim justice
C) Retaliatory justice
D) Rehabilitative justice

Question 10

According to your text, the situation of victims in the years ahead will be shaped by:

A) relying on the formal justice system
B) relying on weapons when under attack
C) seeking peacemaking opportunities
D) all of the above

Question 11

In 2001, 75 million Americans owned an estimated _____ guns.

A) 75 million
B) 100 million
C) 150 million
D) 200 to 250 million

Question 12

When police officers are compelled to shoot and kill dangerous felons in the line of duty, the acts are classified as _____.

A) justifiable homicides
B) voluntary manslaughter
C) involuntary manslaughter
D) none of the above

Question 13

_____ involves a neutral individual called in to break a deadlock.

A) Conciliation
B) Arbitration
C) Restoration
D) Retaliation

Question 14

The most common type of approach to restorative justice is _____.

A) victim-offender mediation
B) peacemaking circles
C) family group conferencing
D) a community board

Question 15

The person asserting the right to self-defense must have a reasonable belief that harm is imminent which can be based on _____.

A) the size of the adversary
B) the time of day
C) the presence or absence of a weapon
D) all of the above

Question 16

The use of violence is excused when a victim fearing great harm has no choice but to resort to force as a means of self-protection under the _____.

A) punitive rationale
B) rationale of necessity
C) social rationale
D) all of these

Question 17

An approach to resolving criminal cases that rejects inflicting punishment and pursuing retribution in favor of seeking restitution followed by victim-offender reconciliation is called _____.

A) restorative justice
B) victim justice
C) retaliatory justice
D) rehabilitative justice

Question 18

The possibility that firearms can enable law-breakers to gain powerful advantages over their intended targets makes them _____.

A) facilitators
B) equalizers
C) pernicious
D) mediators

Question 19

People who support expanding gun ownership often consider these weapons to be _____.

A) facilitators
B) equalizers
C) pernicious
D) mediators

Question 20

The law permits law-abiding people to use deadly force to protect themselves from serious bodily harm _____.

A) in every jurisdiction
B) in 35 out of 50 states
C) in 40 out of 50 states
D) in 45 out of 50 states

Question 21

Advocates of arming for self-protection believe self-reliance is necessary to supplement the basic protections provided by the police.

Question 22

_____ embraces themes important to the victims' rights movement, especially empowerment, notification, direct involvement, offender accountability, and receiving restitution.

A) Informal justice
B) Victim justice
C) Restorative justice
D) Rehabilitative justice

Question 23

The highest level of household gun ownership was registered in 1977 at 54%.

Question 24

The concept of _____ involves taking troublemakers out of circulation to protect the public.

A) restoration
B) restitution
C) incapacitation
D) arbitration

Question 25

In restorative justice, the offender must accept blame and suffer consequences.

Question 26

During 2011, less than 100 people perished from accidental discharges of firearms.

Question 27

The lowest level of household gun ownership was registered in 2013 at 43%.

Question 28

According to the rationale of necessity, using force against an attacker is permissible because any injuries the aggressor suffers are deserved

Question 29

Restorative justice seeks recovery of the victim and rehabilitation of the offender.

Question 30

Retributive justice is oriented towards prevention via fear of consequences.

Question 31

_____ is a means of conflict resolution that begins with the wrongdoer undergoing reintegrative shaming by describing the criminal incident to an assemblage of relatives, friends, and neighbors.

A) Family group conferencing
B) Victim allocution
C) The peacemaking circle
D) The community justice center

Question 32

Gun ownership is generally higher among women than men and people over 50.

Question 33

Though perpetrators of domestic violence are generally supposed to lose their right to own firearms, many offenders remain a threat because their guns frequently are not confiscated by law enforcement agencies.

Question 34

Restorative justice uses mediation, negotiation, frank discussion, consensus, and restitution.

Question 35

Retributive justice resulted from an injury-centered, victim-focused, and reparations-oriented approach.

Question 36

Informal restorative justice refers to an approach in which harmed parties can be central figures who play hands-on roles and take charge of the way their cases are resolved.

Question 37

In general, the right to_____ is the permissible use of appropriate force to protect one's life from an adversary whom one reasonably believes is threatening harm.

A) self-defense
B) a concealed weapon
C) free speech
D) proactive defense

Question 38

Mediation is a type of _____.

A) retaliatory justice
B) alternative dispute resolution
C) psychotherapy
D) rehabilitation

Question 39

The restorative justice approach known as peacemaking circles is derived from Native American culture.

Question 40

The goal of retributive justice is conviction and punishment.

Question 41

Explain the legal concept of self-defense and include the four perspectives that shape self-defense laws.

Question 42

Discuss the concept of restorative justice. Include discussion on its purpose and goals as well as records of success or failure.

Question 43

Justifiable homicides may take place when private citizens kill their attacker during the commission of a felony.

Question 44

According to the individualist rationale a citizen does not have to yield or concede any territory to those who would encroach on his or her autonomy.

Question 45

What is informal justice and what does the future hold for its growing interest in criminal justice?

Question 46

According to the 2010 NCVS, about 2 percent of victims involved in violent confrontations claimed they counterattacked by drawing their own weapon (other than a firearm).

Question 47

Peacemaking circles involve discussions between the victim, offender, their support systems and the community.

Question 48

"Shall carry" or "shall permit" laws authorize citizens to take concealed handguns along in everyday life under certain clearly spelled out circumstances.