Question 1

Legal use of self-defense requires _____.

Accepted Answer

Legal use of self-defense requires that the threat posed by an aggressor must be imminent. This means that the individual must reasonably believe that they are in imminent danger of being harmed by the aggressor. The use of deadly force may only be justified in situations in which the individual reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to themselves or others. The use of deadly force in self-defense is not always required; it depends on the circumstances of the situation.

Question 2

When people were polled in 2013 about whether they or close personal friend or relative had been a victim of a crime involving a gun, _____ answered yes.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

A citizen does not have to yield or concede any territory to those who would encroach on his or her autonomy under the _____.

Accepted Answer

The individualist rationale emphasizes the importance of individual autonomy and the protection of individual rights, including the right to resist any encroachment on that autonomy or rights. The other options are not specifically related to this concept.

Question 4

Resistance to attack using self-defense is justified as a way of preserving law and order under the _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Resistance to attack using self-defense is justified...

Question 5

According to the _____, using force against an attacker is permissible because any injuries the aggressor suffers are deserved.

Accepted Answer

The punitive rationale justifies the use of force as a punishment for the attacker's wrongdoing. It assumes that any harm the attacker suffers is deserved and justified as a consequence of their aggression. The other two rationales (rationale of necessity and social rationale) do not necessarily imply that the attacker deserves to be harmed or injured, but rather focus on the necessity of using force to protect oneself or others.

Question 6

A go-between is necessary to facilitate the flow of information from one disputant to another in: _____.

Accepted Answer

In conciliation, a third party mediator or go-between is necessary to facilitate communication and understanding between the disputing parties. Arbitration typically involves a neutral third party who makes a decision about the disputed issue, rather than facilitating communication. Restoration focuses on repairing harm and rebuilding relationships, but may not necessarily require a go-between. Retaliation involves seeking revenge or retribution, and does not involve communication between disputants.

Question 7

Which of the following is an outlawed alternative to formal case processing within the criminal justice system that embodies a do-it-yourself to settling disputes?

Accepted Answer

Vigilantism is an outlawed alternative to formal case processing where individuals take the law into their own hands to settle disputes, bypassing the legal system.

Question 8

Retributive justice is most associated with _____.

Accepted Answer

Retributive justice is a theory of justice that focuses on punishment for wrongdoing, particularly through the criminal justice system. It is based on the idea that punishment should be proportionate to the harm caused by the offense.

Question 9

_____ is a mode of conflict resolution that relies on the use of force, not negotiation and compromise. It has a long and bloody history and its goal is not reconciliation but revenge.

Accepted Answer

Retaliatory justice is a mode of conflict resolution that involves the use of force, aggression, or violence in response to perceived wrongdoing. It is based on the idea that revenge is necessary to restore justice, rather than negotiation and compromise. This type of justice often leads to further cycles of violence and retribution, rather than reconciliation and forgiveness.

Question 10

According to your text, the situation of victims in the years ahead will be shaped by:

Accepted Answer

The text discusses the importance of all three options in shaping the situation of victims in the years ahead.

Question 11

In 2001, 75 million Americans owned an estimated _____ guns.

Accepted Answer

The passage states that in 2001, 75 million Americans owned an estimated number of guns that ranged from 200 to 250 million. Therefore, the most accurate answer is D, which falls within that range.

Question 12

When police officers are compelled to shoot and kill dangerous felons in the line of duty, the acts are classified as _____.

Accepted Answer

Justifiable homicides are defined as the intentional killing of a person by a government official who believes that the suspect poses an imminent threat to their safety or the safety of others. In cases where police officers are forced to shoot and kill dangerous felons in the line of duty, the act is classified as a justifiable homicide, as the officer is acting to protect themselves or others. This is distinct from manslaughter, which involves the unintended killing of another person through negligence or recklessness.

Question 13

_____ involves a neutral individual called in to break a deadlock.

Accepted Answer

Arbitration involves a neutral third party who is called in to review the evidence presented by both parties and make a decision that both parties agree to abide by. This is often used when a deadlock is reached in negotiations and both parties cannot come to an agreement on their own.

Question 14

The most common type of approach to restorative justice is _____.

Accepted Answer

Victim-offender mediation is the most commonly used approach to restorative justice, where the victim and offender are brought together to discuss the harm caused and how to make amends. This approach has been used in various criminal justice systems around the world. Peacemaking circles, family group conferencing, and community boards are also restorative justice approaches, but they are not as commonly used as victim-offender mediation.

Question 15

The person asserting the right to self-defense must have a reasonable belief that harm is imminent which can be based on _____.

Accepted Answer

A person's belief that harm is imminent and the need for self-defense may be reasonable based on a combination of factors, including the size of their adversary, the time of day, and the presence or absence of a weapon. Therefore, all of the choices (A, B, and C) can contribute to a reasonable belief in the need for self-defense.

Question 16

The use of violence is excused when a victim fearing great harm has no choice but to resort to force as a means of self-protection under the _____.

Accepted Answer

The rationale of necessity states that the use of violence may be excused when someone must resort to force for self-protection because they fear great harm and have no other choice. The punitive rationale argues that violence may be justified as a way to punish wrongdoers, and the social rationale suggests that violence may be necessary to maintain social order or protect a group's interests. However, neither of these rationales necessarily apply in situations where someone is acting in self-defense.

Question 17

An approach to resolving criminal cases that rejects inflicting punishment and pursuing retribution in favor of seeking restitution followed by victim-offender reconciliation is called _____.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior and restoring relationships between offenders, victims, and the community, rather than just punishing offenders. It emphasizes accountability, making amends, and promoting healing and reconciliation, which can help reduce recidivism and foster a more peaceful and just society. Victim justice and retaliatory justice are not recognized concepts in the criminal justice system, and while rehabilitative justice may involve restoring offenders to a law-abiding life, it does not necessarily involve victim-offender reconciliation or restitution.

Question 18

The possibility that firearms can enable law-breakers to gain powerful advantages over their intended targets makes them _____.

Accepted Answer

Firearms can act as facilitators because they can provide law-breakers with a powerful means to achieve their goals, thus facilitating their criminal activities.

Question 19

People who support expanding gun ownership often consider these weapons to be _____.

Accepted Answer

Those who support expanding gun ownership often consider these weapons to be equalizers, meaning they can level the playing field and give individuals the ability to protect themselves from potential threats or attacks.

Question 20

The law permits law-abiding people to use deadly force to protect themselves from serious bodily harm _____.

Accepted Answer

The law permits law-abiding people to use deadly force to protect themselves from serious bodily harm in every jurisdiction.

Quiz 13: Victims in the Twenty-First Century: Alternative Directions