Deck 13: Phenomenology

Question 1

According to Berger and Luckmann, it is through __________ that human life becomes coherent, meaningful, and continuous.

A) institutions
B) communication
C) symbols
D) minds

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Schutz's lifeworld is considered to be an intersubjective world; this means

A) we all share the same material world as others.
B) we all share the same consciousness.
C) we all must negotiate an objective world.
D) we all only know our own world.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What process outline by Berger and Luckmann contains psychological advantages of narrowed choices which allow us to engage in constructive actions on a daily basis?

A) typification
B) reification.
C) institutionalization
D) habitualization

Answer 3

D

Question 4

For Berger and Luckmann, objectivation refers to

A) the process of socialization through which the legitimation of the institutional order is assured.
B) the moment of production in which individuals create and recreate their social worlds.
C) the process of seeing others as stereotypes.
D) the process whereby individuals apprehend everyday life as an ordered, patterned reality that imposes itself upon them.

Question 5

Which term did Schutz use to explain what provides actors with rules for interpreting interactions, social relationships, organizations, institutions, and the physical world?

A) intersubjectivity
B) feeling rules
C) stocks of knowledge
D) verstehen

Question 6

Which of the following descriptors would not be found within an ethnomethodologist's understanding of how human social behavior occurs?

A) local
B) ideal
C) practical
D) effective

Question 7

Phenomenology investigates the systematic _________ of all existing assumptions regarding the external world.

A) construction
B) dismantling
C) absorption
D) bracketing

Question 8

Phenomenologists are interested primarily in how

A) people actively produce and sustain meaning.
B) psychology constructs social interaction.
C) people use language and symbols.
D) people emotionally feel about phenomena.

Question 9

The process of constructing personal "ideal-types" based on the typical function of people or things rather than their unique features is termed

A) verstehen
B) reification.
C) typification.
D) habitualization.

Question 10

Objectivation and reification are related to Karl Marx's concept of

A) prolétariat.
B) surplus value.
C) alienation.
D) capital.

Question 11

Edmund Husserl referred to existing assumptions as they are experienced and made meaningful in consciousness as

A) intersubjectivity.
B) lifeworld.
C) phenomenology.
D) typifications.

Question 12

Differentiating various realms of social experience, Schutz use the term umwelt to

A) refer to the overt feelings experienced via social institutions.
B) refer to the unfelt subconscious feelings of the individual.
C) refer to the realm of directly experienced social reality.
D) refer to the realm of indirectly experienced social reality.

Question 13

Based upon their theoretical orientation, ethnomethodologists are usually criticized for neglecting which dimensions within society?

A) Collective/non-rational
B) Individual/rational
C) Collective/rational
D) Individual/non-rational

Question 14

According to Berger and Luckmann, typificatory schemes refer

A) to a wholly subjective state that functions as the genesis of human consciousness.
B) to patterns of apprehension in terms of which face-to-face encounters are structured.
C) to well-defined, rigid forms of interaction.
D) to participants' attempts to construct their social world in highly unique ways.

Question 15

Drawing upon both Weber and Husserl, Schutz envisioned social action as

A) An action increasingly rationalized between two individuals in modern society.
B) An action oriented toward the past, present, or future behavior of another person.
C) An individualistic nonrational action oriented toward social institutions.
D) An action oriented toward a lifeworld constructed via psychology.

Question 16

The term _________ reflects Smith's dual rational and nonrational approach to action and individual and collective approach to order

A) accounting
B) breaching
C) indexicality
D) standpoint

Question 17

Social order and interaction would break down within society according to Berger and Luckmann if we were without

A) typification.
B) externalization.
C) intersubjectivity.
D) habitualization.

Question 18

Which term refers to the vital process that sustains reality because it is what enables us to believe that social life is coherent and that meaning is shared?

A) Ethnomethodological indifference
B) Breaching experiments
C) Accounting practices
D) Indexicality

Question 19

Ethnomethodologists' perspective on action and order would be found within which quadrant in our figure of theoretical orientation?

A) Collective/rational
B) Collective/nonrational
C) Individual/rational
D) Individual/nonrational

Question 20

Reification refers to the process where

A) man, the producer of a world, is apprehended as its product.
B) man comprehends that he is the producer of the world.
C) man internally fights against "bad faith."
D) man builds and destroys his product daily.

Question 21

Unlike Marx, Berger and Luckmann viewed reification as inherent to the human condition.

Question 22

In contrast to phenomenology, ethnomethodology pays attention to the procedures individuals use to interpretatively produce intelligible forms of action.

Question 23

Define Husserl's lifeworld and how the concept of bracketing plays into it.

Question 24

According to Berger and Luckmann, the reality of everyday life is organized around the "here" of my body and the "there" of my present.

Question 25

Stocks of knowledge, recipes, and typifications are Schutz's attempts to clarify Durkheimian notions of social action.

Question 26

Habitualized actions over time become taken-for-granted institutions that individuals are subject to.

Question 27

Berger and Luckmann's work can best be described as theoretically multidimensional phenomenological sociology.

Question 28

The lifeworld is the taken-for-granted backdrop within which all situations are measured and given meaning.

Question 29

Berger and Luckmann stress that "no individual internalizes the totality of what is objectivated as reality in his society . . . [and that] there are always elements of subjective reality that have not originated in _____________.

A) standpoint
B) phenomenology
C) ethnomethodology
D) socialization

Question 30

Social life is only possible via shared interpretative schemes and language.

Question 31

The central difference between phenomenology and ethnomethodology is that phenomenology is resolutely sociological while ethnomethodology is deeply influenced by psychology.

Question 32

Ethnomethodologists' perspective on action and order would be found within the individual/nonrational quadrant in our figure of theoretical orientation.

Question 33

Schutz's conceptions can be classified as rational and collective.

Question 34

Each human has his/her own biographically articulated stock of knowledge.

Question 35

The notion of ___________________underscores that subordinate groups are conditioned to view the world from the perspective of the dominant group, since the perspective of the latter is embedded in the institutions and practices of that world.

A) bifurcation of consciousness
B) standpoint
C) feminism
D) discrimination

Question 36

The notion of "standpoint" underscores that subordinate groups are conditioned to view the world from the perspective of the dominant group, since the perspective of the latter is embedded in the institutions and practices of that world.

Question 37

According to Berger and Luckmann, the reality of everyday life is organized around the "here" of my body and the "____" of my present

A) there
B) where
C) now
D) day

Question 38

Berger and Luckmann stress that "no individual internalizes the totality of what is objectivated as reality in his society."

Question 39

__________________infuses the ethnomethodological interest in the details of mundane everyday action and the production of order with a rigorous methodology and focus on the fundamental, taken-for-granted structures of conversational interaction.

A) Foundation Knowledge
B) Conversation analysis
C) Production of order
D) Lifeworld

Question 40

Conversation analysis infuses the ethnomethodological interest in the details of mundane everyday action.

Question 41

Explain how externalization, objectivation, institutionalization, and internalization are connected in Berger and Luckmann's work.

Question 42

Define in detail ethnomethodology. Provide real world examples of how you could apply an ethnomethodological analysis to a social situation. Compare and contrast ethnomethodology and phenomenology. For extra credit, explain the connection between Garfinkel's focus on "accounting practices" and his early education/time spent with Talcott Parsons at Harvard.

Question 43

Show how externalization, objectivation, and reification are connected by defining each concept and also by explaining the relationship between reification and Marx's work.

Question 44

Define the concept of bifurcation of consciousness. This term underscores that subordinate groups are conditioned to view the world from the perspective of the dominant group, since the perspective of the latter is embedded in the institutions and practices of that world.

Question 45

What examples can you think of that support or refute Smith's position on relations of

Question 46

Define stocks of knowledge, recipes, and typifications drawing upon your own life for concrete examples. Be sure to explain how these concepts differ between different individuals.

Question 47

Discuss the family unit in Berger and Luckmann's terms. How does habitualization, institutionalization play into the family unit? Be sure to include all terms you feel play a relevant role in your family experience.

Question 48

Define umwelt and mitwelt and show how they connect to stocks of knowledge.

Question 49

Explain the differences and similarities between habitualization and institutionalization.

Question 50

Explain the primary similarity and the central difference between phenomenology and ethnomethodology.

Question 51

Define the term "ethnomethodological indifference" and its role in the relationship between ethnomethodology and other sociological theoretical perspectives.

Question 52

Explain how Schutz's intersubjectivity connects to Emile Durkheim.

Question 53

Define and differentiate stocks of knowledge, recipes, and typifications.

Question 54

Discuss Husserl's intersubjective lifeworld and explain the roles both Durkheim and Weber played in influencing Schutz's work.

Question 55

Discuss the role Max Weber played in Schutz's work on meaning.

Question 56

Explain in detail the following quote from Berger and Luckmann: "only with the transmission of the social world to a new generation…does the fundamental social dialectic appear in the totality. To repeat, only with the appearance of a new generation can one properly speak of a social world."

Question 57

Define the concept of bifurcation of consciousness. This term underscores that subordinate groups are conditioned to view the world from the perspective of the dominant group, since the perspective of the latter is embedded in the institutions and practices of that world.