Question 1

According to Berger and Luckmann, it is through __________ that human life becomes coherent, meaningful, and continuous.
A) institutions
B) communication
C) symbols
D) minds

Accepted Answer

Berger and Luckmann argue that institutions play a crucial role in providing structure and continuity to human life, making it coherent and meaningful. Institutions are established patterns of behavior and social norms that guide individuals in society.

Question 2

Schutz's lifeworld is considered to be an intersubjective world; this means
A) we all share the same material world as others.
B) we all share the same consciousness.
C) we all must negotiate an objective world.
D) we all only know our own world.

Accepted Answer

Schutz's lifeworld refers to the subjective reality that is created through the interaction and communication between individuals. It is an intersubjective world because it is shared by individuals who have a common interpretation of the world based on their experiences, culture, and social structures. However, it is important to note that the lifeworld is not a single, unified reality, but rather a collection of different perspectives and interpretations. Therefore, while individuals share a common lifeworld, each person has their own unique experience of it.

Question 3

What process outline by Berger and Luckmann contains psychological advantages of narrowed choices which allow us to engage in constructive actions on a daily basis?
A) typification
B) reification.
C) institutionalization
D) habitualization

Accepted Answer

The process outlined by Berger and Luckmann that contains psychological advantages of narrowed choices is habitualization. This process allows us to engage in constructive actions on a daily basis by reducing the need for constant decision-making and allowing us to rely on established habits and routines.

Question 4

For Berger and Luckmann, objectivation refers to
A) the process of socialization through which the legitimation of the institutional order is assured.
B) the moment of production in which individuals create and recreate their social worlds.
C) the process of seeing others as stereotypes.
D) the process whereby individuals apprehend everyday life as an ordered, patterned reality that imposes itself upon them.

Accepted Answer

For Berger and Luckmann, objectivation refers to the process whereby individuals apprehend everyday life as an ordered, patterned reality that imposes itself upon them. This means that individuals see and experience the world around them as a pre-existing and structured reality, rather than as a social construction that is constantly being created and recreated. This process is fundamental to the formation and maintenance of social institutions and the legitimation of the institutional order.

Question 5

Which term did Schutz use to explain what provides actors with rules for interpreting interactions, social relationships, organizations, institutions, and the physical world?
A) intersubjectivity
B) feeling rules
C) stocks of knowledge
D) verstehen

Accepted Answer

Schutz used the term "stocks of knowledge" to explain what provides actors with rules for interpreting interactions, social relationships, organizations, institutions, and the physical world.

Question 6

Which of the following descriptors would not be found within an ethnomethodologist's understanding of how human social behavior occurs?
A) local
B) ideal
C) practical
D) effective

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following descriptors would not...

Question 7

Phenomenology investigates the systematic _________ of all existing assumptions regarding the external world.
A) construction
B) dismantling
C) absorption
D) bracketing

Accepted Answer

Phenomenology involves a process called "bracketing," which refers to putting aside or setting aside all preconceived notions and assumptions about the external world in order to examine and describe the phenomenon as it presents itself to consciousness. Therefore, the correct answer is D, "bracketing."

Question 8

Phenomenologists are interested primarily in how
A) people actively produce and sustain meaning.
B) psychology constructs social interaction.
C) people use language and symbols.
D) people emotionally feel about phenomena.

Accepted Answer

Phenomenologists are interested in how people actively produce and sustain meaning, through their subjective experiences and perspectives. They aim to understand the ways in which individuals make sense of the world around them, and how they interpret and respond to various phenomena. This focus on subjective experience is at the heart of phenomenological inquiry.

Question 9

The process of constructing personal "ideal-types" based on the typical function of people or things rather than their unique features is termed
A) verstehen
B) reification.
C) typification.
D) habitualization.

Accepted Answer

The process of constructing personal "ideal-types" based on the typical function of people or things rather than their unique features is termed typification. Verstehen refers to empathetic understanding and interpretation of the meanings individuals attach to their actions. Reification refers to the treatment of abstract concepts as if they have real, concrete existence. Habitualization refers to the process by which behaviors become routine and automatic over time.

Question 10

Objectivation and reification are related to Karl Marx's concept of
A) prolétariat.
B) surplus value.
C) alienation.
D) capital.

Accepted Answer

Objectivation and reification refer to the process in which human beings become alienated from the products of their labor, which then take on a life of their own, as if they were independent, autonomous entities. Marx argued that this process of objectivation and reification was a key aspect of the capitalist mode of production, leading to the alienation of workers from their own labor, from the products they created, and from each other.

Question 11

Edmund Husserl referred to existing assumptions as they are experienced and made meaningful in consciousness as
A) intersubjectivity.
B) lifeworld.
C) phenomenology.
D) typifications.

Accepted Answer

The term "lifeworld" is used by Husserl to refer to the pre-theoretical horizon of meaning that structures our experience of the world. This lifeworld includes existing assumptions that are experienced and made meaningful in consciousness.

Question 12

Differentiating various realms of social experience, Schutz use the term umwelt to
A) refer to the overt feelings experienced via social institutions.
B) refer to the unfelt subconscious feelings of the individual.
C) refer to the realm of directly experienced social reality.
D) refer to the realm of indirectly experienced social reality.

Accepted Answer

Schutz uses the term "umwelt" to refer specifically to the realm of directly experienced social reality. This includes the subjective experiences and interactions that an individual has with others in their immediate environment. It does not refer to subconscious or indirect experiences, nor does it necessarily involve social institutions.

Question 13

Based upon their theoretical orientation, ethnomethodologists are usually criticized for neglecting which dimensions within society?
A) Collective/non-rational
B) Individual/rational
C) Collective/rational
D) Individual/non-rational

Accepted Answer

Ethnomethodologists focus on how people create and maintain a shared sense of reality through everyday interactions and communication, which emphasizes the collective and rational dimensions of society. They are not necessarily neglecting individual or non-rational dimensions, but these are not their primary areas of concern.

Question 14

According to Berger and Luckmann, typificatory schemes refer
A) to a wholly subjective state that functions as the genesis of human consciousness.
B) to patterns of apprehension in terms of which face-to-face encounters are structured.
C) to well-defined, rigid forms of interaction.
D) to participants' attempts to construct their social world in highly unique ways.

Accepted Answer

Berger and Luckmann argue that typificatory schemes are patterns of apprehension that structure face-to-face encounters. They are socially constructed frameworks that enable individuals to interpret and process social interactions. The other answer choices do not accurately reflect Berger and Luckmann's definition of typificatory schemes.

Question 15

Drawing upon both Weber and Husserl, Schutz envisioned social action as
A) An action increasingly rationalized between two individuals in modern society.
B) An action oriented toward the past, present, or future behavior of another person.
C) An individualistic nonrational action oriented toward social institutions.
D) An action oriented toward a lifeworld constructed via psychology.

Accepted Answer

Schutz primarily saw social action as being oriented toward the behavior of others, as influenced by Husserl's philosophy of intentionality. This includes actions aimed at others' past, present, or future behaviors.

Note: While Weber's ideas on rationalization and institutions may have influenced Schutz's thinking, they are not directly related to his conception of social action.

Question 16

The term _________ reflects Smith's dual rational and nonrational approach to action and individual and collective approach to order
A) accounting
B) breaching
C) indexicality
D) standpoint

Accepted Answer

Smith's approach to action involves both rational and nonrational factors, and he views order as both an individual and collective phenomenon. The term that reflects this is standpoint, as it acknowledges the situatedness and perspective of actors in their social contexts. Accounting, breaching, and indexicality are all important concepts in sociology, but they do not directly relate to Smith's dual approach to action and order.

Question 17

Social order and interaction would break down within society according to Berger and Luckmann if we were without
A) typification.
B) externalization.
C) intersubjectivity.
D) habitualization.

Accepted Answer

According to Berger and Luckmann, intersubjectivity is essential for maintaining social order and interaction within society. Intersubjectivity refers to the shared understanding and agreement among members of society about the meaning and interpretation of social reality. Without intersubjectivity, communication and interaction between individuals would become difficult, leading to breakdown of social order. Typification, externalization, and habitualization are also important concepts in shaping social reality, but they alone cannot maintain social order and interaction.

Question 18

Which term refers to the vital process that sustains reality because it is what enables us to believe that social life is coherent and that meaning is shared?
A) Ethnomethodological indifference
B) Breaching experiments
C) Accounting practices
D) Indexicality

Accepted Answer

Accounting practices are the processes through which individuals make sense of their social world, explaining and justifying their actions in ways that sustain the perception of a coherent reality. This is essential for maintaining the belief that social life is meaningful and that meanings are shared among individuals.

Question 19

Ethnomethodologists' perspective on action and order would be found within which quadrant in our figure of theoretical orientation?
A) Collective/rational
B) Collective/nonrational
C) Individual/rational
D) Individual/nonrational

Accepted Answer

Ethnomethodologists focus on the methods individuals use to make sense of their social world, emphasizing individual actions and the nonrational, subjective processes involved in creating social order.

Question 20

Reification refers to the process where
A) man, the producer of a world, is apprehended as its product.
B) man comprehends that he is the producer of the world.
C) man internally fights against "bad faith."
D) man builds and destroys his product daily.

Accepted Answer

Reification is the process of treating abstract concepts, such as ideas or emotions, as if they were concrete, physical things. In this context, reification refers specifically to the phenomenon where humans come to perceive the social structures and systems they themselves have created, such as governments or economic systems, as if they were natural and immutable forces that exist independently of human intervention. In this sense, reification involves apprehending human creations as if they were products of nature or the divine. Choice A is the only option that accurately describes this process.

Quiz 13: Phenomenology

According to Berger and Luckmann, it is through __________ that human life becomes coherent, meaningful, and continuous.

Schutz's lifeworld is considered to be an intersubjective world; this means

What process outline by Berger and Luckmann contains psychological advantages of narrowed choices which allow us to engage in constructive actions on a daily basis?

For Berger and Luckmann, objectivation refers to

Which term did Schutz use to explain what provides actors with rules for interpreting interactions, social relationships, organizations, institutions, and the physical world?

Which of the following descriptors would not be found within an ethnomethodologist's understanding of how human social behavior occurs?

Phenomenology investigates the systematic _________ of all existing assumptions regarding the external world.

Phenomenologists are interested primarily in how

The process of constructing personal "ideal-types" based on the typical function of people or things rather than their unique features is termed

Objectivation and reification are related to Karl Marx's concept of

Edmund Husserl referred to existing assumptions as they are experienced and made meaningful in consciousness as

Differentiating various realms of social experience, Schutz use the term umwelt to

Based upon their theoretical orientation, ethnomethodologists are usually criticized for neglecting which dimensions within society?

According to Berger and Luckmann, typificatory schemes refer

Drawing upon both Weber and Husserl, Schutz envisioned social action as

The term _________ reflects Smith's dual rational and nonrational approach to action and individual and collective approach to order

Social order and interaction would break down within society according to Berger and Luckmann if we were without

Which term refers to the vital process that sustains reality because it is what enables us to believe that social life is coherent and that meaning is shared?

Ethnomethodologists' perspective on action and order would be found within which quadrant in our figure of theoretical orientation?

Reification refers to the process where