Question 1

Drive-reduction approaches to motivation are:

Accepted Answer

Drive-reduction approaches to motivation posit that a lack of a biological need creates a drive to satisfy that need. This drive pushes organisms to act in ways that reduce the need and thus the drive.

Question 2

Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined are called:

Accepted Answer

Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined are called instincts. Desires, notions, and motives are not specifically related to biological determinism.

Question 3

The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history of modern psychology were:

Accepted Answer

The instinct approach was the first theoretical approach to motivation to gain prominence, which emphasized that humans and animals have innate instincts that drive behavior. However, this approach was later replaced by the drive-reduction approach, which emphasized that physiological needs create internal drives that motivate behavior. Therefore, the correct order is the instinct approach followed by the drive-reduction approach.

Question 4

Incentive approaches to motivation are:

Accepted Answer

Incentive approaches to motivation suggest that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards. These rewards can include things like money, status, or recognition. The other options (A, B, D) refer to other theories of motivation (drive reduction, arousal, and cognitive) which are not specifically related to incentives.

Question 5

Motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need is termed a(n):

Accepted Answer

The concept of drive refers to the psychological tension and physical arousal that motivates behavior to fulfill a need. Drives arise from a physiological or psychological need, such as hunger or thirst, and push an organism to seek out and consume the objects or experiences that will satisfy the need and reduce the drive.

Question 6

When blood pH becomes overly acidic, respiration and kidney function change to bring the acidity back to its normal pH level of 7.4. What does this process best exemplify?

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. In this case, when the blood pH becomes overly acidic, the body uses mechanisms (respiration and kidney function) to bring it back to its normal pH level, which is an example of homeostasis.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT among the shortcomings of instinct approaches to motivation?

Accepted Answer

Instinct approaches to motivation include both physiological and psychological motivations, not just physiological ones. The criticism is not that they only account for physiological motivations but rather issues like the overidentification of instincts and lack of explanatory power for the evolution of specific behaviors.

Question 8

"Human behavior is varied and often seems unpredictable; also, people sometimes seek out extremely stimulating situations and activities." This statement is most likely that of a proponent of the ________ theory of motivation.

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that human behavior is influenced by the need for stimulation, which is a key aspect of the arousal theory of motivation. The instinct theory emphasizes innate, biological drives as motivators, while the incentive theory focuses on external rewards or punishments. The cognitive theory stresses mental processes such as thinking, perception, and memory as driving behavior.

Question 9

Of the following individuals, whose behavior may most easily be explained using the arousal approach to motivation?

Accepted Answer

The arousal approach to motivation suggests that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. Artie's love of bungee jumping can be explained by his desire for thrilling experiences, which increase arousal levels.

Question 10

The arousal approach to motivation suggests that:

Accepted Answer

The arousal approach to motivation suggests that if levels of stimulation and activity are too low, people will try to increase them by seeking stimulation. This can be seen in behaviors such as thrill-seeking or exploring new environments. It focuses on the optimal level of arousal for an individual, rather than specific biological needs or external goals.

Question 11

Why do drive-reduction approaches fail to offer a complete account of human motivation?

Accepted Answer

People are often motivated to seek out new experiences and increase their level of stimulation, which cannot be explained solely by the drive-reduction approach. Additionally, the drive-reduction approach is limited in its understanding of primary drives, as it is unclear what specific drives exist and how they interact with each other.

Question 12

Which approach to motivation is correctly paired with a behavior to which it is especially appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Drive-reduction theory is especially appropriate for explaining behaviors that are biologically based, such as eating, as the theory suggests that we are motivated to reduce biological needs like hunger or thirst.

Question 13

How do arousal approaches to motivation differ from drive-reduction approaches?

Accepted Answer

Arousal approaches suggest that we seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal, which varies from person to person. If our arousal levels become too low, we try to increase them through seeking stimulation, and if they become too high, we try to reduce them by avoiding stimulation. Drive-reduction approaches, on the other hand, emphasize the importance of reducing physiological needs like hunger, thirst, and sleep.

Question 14

Dr. LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation. Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to cite to justify his skepticism?

Accepted Answer

Drive theories of motivation suggest that people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce internal tension caused by unmet needs (e.g., hunger, thirst). Bungee jumping does not fit well with drive theories because it is typically pursued for excitement or thrill, not to reduce an internal tension or fulfill a basic physiological need.

Question 15

Does the drive-reduction approach offer a comprehensive account of motivation? Which of the following explains it?

Accepted Answer

While the drive-reduction approach does offer a comprehensive explanation for primary drives, it fails to account for behaviors motivated by the desire for increased arousal.

Question 16

________ refers to the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

Accepted Answer

Motivation refers to the factors or stimuli that drive an organism to act, move, or do something. It directs behavior towards a specific goal and energizes an organism to perform an action. Intelligence and cognition are related to mental processes and the ability to think, reason, understand, and learn. Development refers to the physical, social, emotional, or cognitive changes that occur over time.

Question 17

Motivation theorists refer to external rewards people seek to obtain as:

Accepted Answer

Motivation theorists refer to external rewards people seek to obtain as incentives.

Question 18

Declan, a PhD candidate, tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation. Declan is investigating:

Accepted Answer

Declan's dissertation research is in the area of motivation, which refers to the factors that direct and energize behavior. Choices A and D are more related to cognitive processes and problem-solving, while choice B focuses on behavior change resulting from experience but does not specifically address motivation.

Question 19

Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology?

Accepted Answer

Although instinct approaches to motivation have largely been abandoned within mainstream psychology, they still play a role in certain theories that focus on evolutionary approaches and genetic inheritance. This is due to the recognition that certain instincts, such as the drive to survive, may have played a role in shaping human behavior and motivation. Nonetheless, the majority of current mainstream theories focus on cognitive and social factors in motivation.

Question 20

What is homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable and constant internal environment despite external changes. This includes regulating factors such as temperature, blood sugar, and pH levels.

Quiz 7: Writing and Presenting