Question 1

All of the following would be classified by Maslow as growth needs except:
A) beauty
B) esteem
C) goodness
D) truth

Accepted Answer

Esteem needs are considered deficiency needs in Maslow's hierarchy, not growth needs. Growth needs refer to self-actualization and transcendence, focusing on realizing personal potential and self-fulfillment.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of Rogers' characteristics in a fully functioning individual?
A) safety
B) openness to experience
C) sense of freedom
D) creativity

Accepted Answer

Safety is not one of Rogers' characteristics in a fully functioning individual. The other options (B, C, D) are all characteristics that Rogers believed were important for a fully functioning individual.

Question 3

An element common to the theories of Maslow, Rogers, White, and Deci is:
A) an emphasis on classical and instrumental conditioning in determining behavior
B) the idea that all humans, in some way, strive to reach their potential
C) the importance of cognitive decision-making
D) the importance of internal conflicts that drive behavior

Accepted Answer

All of these theorists share the belief that humans have a natural tendency to strive for self-actualization or personal growth. Maslow developed his famous hierarchy of needs, Rogers emphasized the importance of a person-centered approach to therapy, White's self-determination theory stresses the importance of autonomy and competence in achieving personal goals, and Deci's cognitive evaluation theory highlights the role of intrinsic motivation in driving behavior. All of these ideas revolve around the basic human drive to reach one's full potential.

Question 4

According to Maslow, preferences for familiar surroundings, secure jobs, and insurance illustrate the _____ needs.
A) physiological
B) belongingness
C) esteem
D) safety

Accepted Answer

Preferences for familiar surroundings, secure jobs, and insurance illustrate the safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This level of needs includes the need for security, stability, and order in both physical and psychological aspects of life. It includes the need for protection from potential harm, danger, or threat.

Question 5

According to Maslow, the striving for perfection as the ultimate purpose of behavior is called:
A) personal causation
B) self-actualization
C) human agency
D) fully functioning individual

Accepted Answer

Maslow believed that the highest level of human motivation was self-actualization, which is the desire to reach one's full potential and achieve personal growth and fulfillment. This is often associated with the striving for perfection, as individuals seek to become the best version of themselves.

Question 6

Rogers's idea that a person is accepted and loved regardless of behavior is called:
A) acceptability hypothesis
B) unconditional positive regard
C) motive for competence
D) conditional positive regard

Accepted Answer

Rogers's idea that a person is accepted and loved regardless of behavior is called unconditional positive regard, which is the concept that individuals have inherent worth and value, and that therapists should display complete acceptance and support of their clients without judging or trying to change them.

Question 7

According to Rogers, we must have unconditional positive regard to be a _____ individual.
A) competent
B) human agency
C) fully functioning
D) successful

Accepted Answer

Rogers believed that to be a fully functioning individual, we must have unconditional positive regard from others. This means that we are accepted and valued for who we are without any conditions or requirements. This allows us to fully embrace and express our true selves and reach our potential as individuals.

Question 8

According to Maslow, about what percentage of the population in our society reaches self-actualization?
A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) nearly 100%

Accepted Answer

Maslow believed that only a small percentage (approximately 1%) of the population reaches self-actualization, as it requires the satisfaction of all other lower level needs in the hierarchy.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a criticism of Rogers's theory?
A) many of his terms are not operationally defined
B) it has generated a lot of research and discussion
C) it is unclear which conditions enhance growth and which hinder it
D) it is weak empirically and difficult to test

Accepted Answer

The statement "it has generated a lot of research and discussion" is not a criticism of Rogers's theory. The other options are criticisms of his theory.

Question 10

Carl Rogers calls the striving to become fully functioning the:
A) conditional positive regard
B) personal causation hypothesis
C) actualizing tendency
D) self determination theory

Accepted Answer

The actualizing tendency is the core concept in Rogers' theory and refers to the innate drive of individuals to achieve their full potential and become their true selves.

Question 11

For people living in war zones, which needs of Maslow's hierarchy would be most immediately important?
A) self-actualization
B) belongingness
C) esteem
D) physiological and safety

Accepted Answer

People living in war zones would prioritize their physiological and safety needs as the most immediately important, such as access to food, water, shelter, and protection from harm. Belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs would become secondary concerns as their basic survival needs become threatened.

Question 12

The first two stages in Maslow's hierarchy of needs are:
A) physiological and safety needs
B) physiological and belongingness needs
C) deprivation and growth needs
D) esteem and sense of worth needs

Accepted Answer

The correct stages in Maslow's hierarchy of needs are physiological and safety needs. Physiological needs include basic survival needs such as food, water, shelter, and sleep. Safety needs include the need for security, stability, and protection from harm. These two stages have to be satisfied before an individual can move on to the higher levels of the hierarchy.

Question 13

The actualizing tendency, according to Rogers, creates:
A) physiological and psychological needs.
B) homeostatic needs
C) needs for positive regard and positive self-regard
D) needs for conditional positive regard

Accepted Answer

The actualizing tendency, according to Rogers, creates needs for positive regard and positive self-regard. This is because Rogers believed that individuals strive to achieve their full potential and actualize themselves, and in doing so, they require positive feedback and acceptance from others (positive regard) and from themselves (positive self-regard).

Question 14

Which of the following would NOT be a deprivation need, according to Maslow?
A) beauty
B) esteem
C) safety
D) belongingness

Accepted Answer

Beauty is not considered a fundamental need according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Instead, it is categorized as a self-actualization need, which is a higher-level need that individuals may pursue once their basic physiological and safety needs are met.

Question 15

The physiological, safety, love or belongingness, and esteem needs are what Maslow called:
A) being needs
B) self-actualization
C) deprivation motivation
D) human agency

Accepted Answer

Maslow referred to physiological, safety, love or belongingness, and esteem needs as deprivation motivations because they arise due to the deprivation of necessary requirements for survival and psychological well-being. These needs contrast with "being needs" (self-actualization), which are about personal growth and fulfillment beyond basic necessities.

Question 16

Researchers who study the persistent motive within individuals to become competent in the environment follow the tradition of:
A) humanistic psychology
B) motivation psychology
C) social psychology
D) experimental psychology

Accepted Answer

Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of personal growth and self-actualization, which includes the need for competence.

Question 17

According to Rogers:
A) conditional positive regard leads to full functioning
B) conditional positive regard leads to maladaptive behaviors
C) unconditional positive regard leads to maladaptive behaviors
D) whether positive regard is conditional or unconditional has no bearing on future behavior

Accepted Answer

Rogers stated that conditional positive regard, where love and acceptance are only given when certain conditions are met, can lead to maladaptive behaviors such as people pleasing and low self-esteem. He believed that unconditional positive regard, where love and acceptance are given regardless of behaviors, is necessary for healthy and full functioning individuals. Therefore, option B is the best choice.

Question 18

How many human motives has Rogers identified?
A) one
B) two
C) twenty
D) over fifty

Accepted Answer

Rogers identified one basic human motive, which is the actualizing tendency - the drive to fulfill one's potential and enhance oneself.

Question 19

Which of the following does not belong with the other terms?
A) being needs
B) deprivation needs
C) metamotivation
D) growth motivation

Accepted Answer

Deprivation needs refer to the basic requirements for survival and psychological well-being, such as food, safety, and belonging, which are fundamentally different from the other terms that relate to self-actualization and personal growth.

Question 20

According to Maslow:
A) most people reach the stage of self-actualization during adolescence
B) self-actualization is a well-defined state of happiness and fulfillment
C) higher-level needs will not be tended to until lower-level needs are adequately satisfied
D) higher-level needs always take precedence over lower-level needs

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, individuals must satisfy lower-level needs (such as physiological and safety needs) before they can move on to higher-level needs (such as self-esteem and self-actualization). Therefore, option C is correct. Options A, B, and D are all incorrect: A is incorrect because self-actualization is typically reached later in life, not during adolescence; B is incorrect because self-actualization is subjective and varies from person to person, so there is no one "well-defined state of happiness and fulfillment"; and D is incorrect because lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be met.

Quiz 11: Cognitive Motivation: Competence and Control

All of the following would be classified by Maslow as growth needs except:

Which of the following is NOT one of Rogers' characteristics in a fully functioning individual?

An element common to the theories of Maslow, Rogers, White, and Deci is:

According to Maslow, preferences for familiar surroundings, secure jobs, and insurance illustrate the _____ needs.

According to Maslow, the striving for perfection as the ultimate purpose of behavior is called:

Rogers's idea that a person is accepted and loved regardless of behavior is called:

According to Rogers, we must have unconditional positive regard to be a _____ individual.

According to Maslow, about what percentage of the population in our society reaches self-actualization?

Which of the following is not a criticism of Rogers's theory?

Carl Rogers calls the striving to become fully functioning the:

For people living in war zones, which needs of Maslow's hierarchy would be most immediately important?

The first two stages in Maslow's hierarchy of needs are:

The actualizing tendency, according to Rogers, creates:

Which of the following would NOT be a deprivation need, according to Maslow?

The physiological, safety, love or belongingness, and esteem needs are what Maslow called:

Researchers who study the persistent motive within individuals to become competent in the environment follow the tradition of:

According to Rogers:

How many human motives has Rogers identified?

Which of the following does not belong with the other terms?

According to Maslow: