Question 1

Keng has chronic hepatitis that has led to mildly impaired liver function.He has an infection that would be best treated by a macrolide.Which would be the best choice for a patient with liver dysfunction?

Accepted Answer

C

Question 2

Sarah is a 25-year-old female who is 8 weeks pregnant and has a urinary tract infection.What would be the appropriate antibiotic to prescribe for her?

Accepted Answer

Amoxicillin is considered safe for use in pregnancy and is a first-line treatment for urinary tract infections. Ciprofloxacin and doxycycline are not recommended in pregnancy, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole should be used with caution in early pregnancy.

Question 3

Tetracyclines should not be prescribed to children younger than 8 years due to:

Accepted Answer

Tetracyclines can lead to adverse effects on bone growth and teeth discoloration in children younger than 8 years, which is why their use is generally avoided in this age group.

Question 4

Lauren is a 13 year old who comes to clinic with a 4-day history of cough,low grade fever,and rhinorrhea.When she blows her nose or coughs the mucous is greenish-yellow.The appropriate antibiotic to prescribe would be:

Accepted Answer

Lauren's symptoms are consistent with a viral upper respiratory infection, which does not require antibiotic treatment. Greenish-yellow mucus is not an indication of bacterial infection.

Question 5

Factors that place a patient at risk of developing an antimicrobial resistant organism include:

Accepted Answer

Inappropriate use of antimicrobials, such as overuse or misuse, can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistant organisms. Age over 50, school attendance, and travel within the United States are not necessarily factors that increase the risk of developing antimicrobial resistance.

Question 6

Infants and young children are at higher risk of developing antibiotic-resistant infections due to:

Accepted Answer

Young children are often in group settings like daycare, where they are exposed to various pathogens, increasing the risk of infections and subsequent antibiotic use, which can lead to resistance.

Question 7

Nicole is a 16 year old who is taking minocycline for acne.She comes to the clinic complaining of a headache.What would be the plan of care?

Accepted Answer

Minocycline can cause pseudotumor cerebri (also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension), which can present with headaches. It is important to evaluate for this condition in a patient taking minocycline who presents with a headache.

Question 8

To prevent the development of peripheral neuropathy in patients taking isoniazid for tuberculosis the patient is also prescribed:

Accepted Answer

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) has been shown to be effective in preventing peripheral neuropathy in patients taking isoniazid for tuberculosis. Niacin, Riboflavin, and Thiamine are not typically used for this purpose.

Question 9

There is often cross-sensitivity and cross-resistance between penicillins and cephalosporins due to:

Accepted Answer

Penicillins and cephalosporins both contain a beta-lactam ring, which is vulnerable to beta-lactamase producing organisms. This can cause cross-sensitivity and cross-resistance between the two drug classes.

Question 10

Patricia has been prescribed doxycycline for a Chlamydia infection.She is healthy and her only medication is an oral combined contraceptive.Patricia's education would include:

Accepted Answer

It is important for Patricia to know that taking doxycycline may reduce the effectiveness of her oral contraceptive pill. Therefore, she should use a back-up method of birth control (such as a condom) until her next menstrual period. This will help prevent an unwanted pregnancy while she is being treated for the Chlamydia infection.

Question 11

Providers should use an antibiogram when prescribing.An antibiogram is:

Accepted Answer

An antibiogram is a chart or a report that is developed by laboratories, which highlights the local resistance patterns to antibiotics. It helps the healthcare providers to choose the appropriate antibiotics while prescribing, as it provides information about the most effective antibiotics for specific infections. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 12

If a patient is allergic to sulfonamide antibiotics,he or she will most likely have cross-sensitivity to:

Accepted Answer

Patients allergic to sulfonamide antibiotics may have cross-sensitivity to other sulfonamide non-antibiotics, including loop diuretics, sulfonylureas, and thiazide diuretics, due to similarities in the sulfonamide structure.

Question 13

To prevent further development of antibacterial resistance it is recommended fluoroquinolones be reserved for treatment of:

Accepted Answer

Fluoroquinolones are recommended for community-acquired pneumonia in patients with comorbidities due to their broad-spectrum activity and effectiveness in serious infections, while their use in other conditions should be limited to prevent resistance.

Question 14

Joanna had a small ventricle septal defect (VSD)repaired when she was 3 years old and has no residual cardiac problems.She is now 28 and is requesting prophylactic antibiotics for an upcoming dental visit.The appropriate antibiotic to prescribe according to current American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association guidelines is:

Accepted Answer

Joanna has no residual cardiac problems and is not at risk for endocarditis. Therefore, no antibiotic prophylaxis is required for dental procedures.

Question 15

Jamie has glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD)and requires an antibiotic.Which class of antibiotics should be avoided in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Patients with G6PD deficiency are at risk of hemolytic anemia when exposed to certain drugs, including sulfonamides. Therefore, sulfonamides should be avoided in these patients.

Question 16

Pong-tai is a 12 month old who is being treated with amoxicillin for acute otitis media.His parents call the clinic and say he has developed diarrhea.The appropriate action would be to:

Accepted Answer

Diarrhea is a known side effect of amoxicillin and can be managed by increasing intake of probiotics, such as yogurt, to help restore the natural gut flora. A change in antibiotic may not be necessary, and stool cultures are not usually ordered for presumed side effects of antibiotics. Increasing fluids and fiber in the diet may also be helpful, but the best initial action would be to advise the parents about the normality of the diarrhea and recommend a probiotic supplement.

Question 17

Tetracyclines such as minocycline are safe to use in:

Accepted Answer

Tetracyclines should not be used in pregnant women or children under 8 years old due to potential adverse effects on bone and teeth development. They should also be used with caution in patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction. Adolescents do not fall into any of these categories and therefore can safely use tetracyclines.

Question 18

Janet was recently treated with clindamycin for an infection.She calls the advice nurse because she is having frequent diarrhea that she thinks may have blood in it.What would be the appropriate care for her?

Accepted Answer

Frequent diarrhea with possible blood after recent treatment with clindamycin may indicate pseudomembranous colitis, which is a serious condition caused by Clostridium difficile overgrowth. The advice nurse should assess for this possibility and refer Janet for further evaluation if necessary. Increased fluids and fiber, eating yogurt, and starting antidiarrheal medication may not be effective or appropriate if pseudomembranous colitis is present.

Question 19

Fluoroquinolones have a Black Box warning regarding even months after treatment.

Accepted Answer

The Black Box warning for fluoroquinolones is related to an increased risk of tendon rupture, even months after treatment. Renal dysfunction, hepatic toxicity, and glaucoma are not specifically included in the Black Box warning for fluoroquinolones.

Question 20

Jonathan has been diagnosed with strep throat and needs a prescription for an antibiotic.He says the last time he had penicillin he developed a red,blotchy rash.The appropriate antibiotic to prescribe would be:

Accepted Answer

Jonathan's history of a rash after taking penicillin is a concern for a potential penicillin allergy. Therefore, prescribing a different class of antibiotic is the best course of action. Erythromycin is a good alternative for treating strep throat in patients with a penicillin allergy.

Quiz 24: Drugs Used in Treating Infectious Diseases