In his efforts to lower his calorie intake, Shaun, when hungry, stuffs his mouth with celery rather than ice cream, eats premade low-calorie snacks instead eating peanuts or candy, or tries jogging instead of eating a snack. His efforts are examples of ______.

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Shaun's efforts to substitute low-calorie options for high-calorie ones and engage in alternative behaviors (like jogging) to avoid snacking are examples of using competing responses, which involves replacing a targeted behavior (in this case, consuming high-calorie snacks) with an alternative response that is incompatible with the problematic behavior. This technique can be effective for behavior change, as it directly addresses the problematic behavior and provides a concrete alternative for the person to engage in instead.

In His Efforts to Lower His Calorie Intake, Shaun, When