Placebo effects make it difficult to draw causal conclusions because we can't tell whether:

Question

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Placebo effects occur when participants' expectations about a treatment lead to changes in their behavior or symptoms, creating the appearance of a treatment effect even when there is none. This makes it difficult to determine whether it is the treatment or the participants' expectations that are responsible for the results, as both may contribute to the observed outcome. Therefore, A is the best choice.

Placebo Effects Make It Difficult to Draw Causal Conclusions Because