,teachers at an elementary school were told at the beginning of the year that certain students were "late bloomers" and most likely these particular students were going to become strong students during the school year ahead.Sure enough,by the end of the year,the identified students were doing much better in school.Interestingly,the researchers had selected these children randomly at the beginning of the year and they had no real evidence on which to base their predictions.The findings in this study are most similar or analogous to the problem of:

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This scenario is most similar to experimenter expectancy effects, also known as the Pygmalion effect. The teachers had a belief or expectation that certain students would do well, and this belief influenced their behavior towards these students, which in turn affected the students' performance. However, the researchers had no evidence to base their predictions on, making this an example of unintentional experimenter expectancy effects.

,Teachers at an Elementary School Were Told at the Beginning