Question 1

Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering several symptoms and claims they are due to premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Which of the following symptoms that she cites is the most questionably linked to the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering...

Question 2

REM sleep normally occurs for the first time:

Accepted Answer

REM sleep normally occurs about 70 to 90 minutes after sleep onset. This pattern of REM sleep occurring later in the sleep cycle repeats throughout the night, with each REM period typically getting longer.

Question 3

Judith is startled when her six-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the _______________ stage of the sleep cycle.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Judith is startled when her six-year-old daughter,...

Question 4

_______________ is a disorder in which depression occurs in the winter months.

Accepted Answer

SAD, or Seasonal Affective Disorder, is a disorder in which depression occurs in the winter months. The lack of sunlight during shorter days can cause a decrease in serotonin and melatonin levels, leading to symptoms such as low mood, fatigue, and changes in appetite and sleep patterns. SCN (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus) is a part of the brain involved in regulating the circadian rhythm, while PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) is a collection of physical and emotional symptoms experienced by some women before their menstrual period. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) is a stage of sleep where the eyes move rapidly and vivid dreaming occurs. None of these have a direct association with winter depression.

Question 5

REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because:

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, the brain is very active and vivid dreams occur, yet the body is entirely inactive and essentially paralyzed. This paradoxical state is why it is called "paradoxical sleep."

Question 6

Controlled studies indicate that _______________ reduces symptoms in people with SAD.

Accepted Answer

Controlled studies have shown that phototherapy, or exposure to bright artificial light, can effectively reduce symptoms in people with SAD. Low levels of negative ions, hypnosis, or chemotherapy have not been found to have significant impact on SAD.

Question 7

Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that _______________ of women have PMS symptoms, such as irritability and depression, predictably over their cycles.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that _______________...

Question 8

_______________ are occasionally emitted by the brain in the third stage of non-REM sleep.

Accepted Answer

Delta waves are the slowest brain wave frequency observed during non-REM sleep. They are large, high amplitude waves that are occasionally emitted in the third stage of non-REM sleep. Alpha waves are observed during relaxed wakefulness or meditation, beta waves are observed during alertness and problem solving, and gamma waves are associated with high levels of cognitive functioning and consciousness.

Question 9

The deeper stages of NREM sleep are characterized by:

Accepted Answer

The deeper stages of NREM sleep (stage 3 and stage 4) are characterized by slow brain waves called delta waves.

Question 10

James has been sleeping for about 90 minutes when his brain shows rapid, irregular waves. His blood pressure rises, his heart rate increases, and his skeletal muscles go limp. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion?

Accepted Answer

The description of rapid, irregular brain waves, along with increased heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle relaxation are all consistent with characteristics of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Option A is incorrect because there is no evidence to suggest that James is chronically sleep-deprived or that his sleep is abnormal. Option B is incorrect because the physiological changes mentioned are not characteristic of stage 3 sleep (also known as slow-wave sleep). Option C is incorrect because there is no evidence to suggest that James engaged in strenuous physical activities during the day that would affect his sleep in this way.

Question 11

When researchers studied whether or not dreaming occurs in non-REM sleep, they found that:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that dreaming can occur in non-REM sleep, but the dreams are typically shorter and less vivid than those experienced during REM sleep.

Question 12

During the night, which two types of sleep alternate with each other in cycles that take approximately 90 minutes?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement) and NREM sleep (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) alternate with each other in cycles that take approximately 90 minutes. This cycle repeats throughout the night.

Question 13

On average, REM sleep periods last about _______________.

Accepted Answer

On average, REM sleep periods last about 20 minutes. REM sleep periods can vary in length but typically last around 20 minutes, especially in the first sleep cycle, with the duration potentially increasing in later cycles.

Question 14

_______________ are the short bursts of rapid, high-peaking waves that the brain emits in the second stage of non-REM sleep.

Accepted Answer

Sleep spindles are short bursts of rapid, high-peaking waves that the brain emits in the second stage of non-REM sleep. Alpha waves are characteristic of a relaxed, wakeful state, and delta waves are slow, high-amplitude waves associated with deep sleep. Neuro spindles are not a recognized type of brain wave.

Question 15

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every _______________ minutes.

Accepted Answer

The cycle of periods of REM sleep and non-REM sleep recurs about every 90 minutes.

Question 16

During the night:

Accepted Answer

During the night, REM sleep periods become longer. This is because REM periods become longer as the night progresses, with the longest REM period occurring just before waking.

Question 17

During sleep, periods of rapid eye movement (REM) alternate with non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every:

Accepted Answer

The cycle of REM and non-REM sleep recurs about every 90 minutes.

Question 18

_______________ is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

Accepted Answer

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

Question 19

Traditionally, there are _______________ stages of NREM sleep.

Accepted Answer

Traditionally, there are four stages of NREM sleep (Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, and Stage 4). However, some sleep experts now consider Stage 3 and Stage 4 to be one stage, making it three stages of NREM sleep.

Question 20

Delta waves occur during:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Delta waves occur during:
...

Quiz 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States

Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering several symptoms and claims they are due to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) . Which of the following symptoms that she cites is the most questionably linked to the menstrual cycle?