Question 1

Dr.Drust asks his client Nairi to complete a test that will help him pinpoint the type of depression she has and which personality characteristics may be contributing to her problem.The test,which consists of 567 true-false questions,addresses attitudes and emotions,behaviours and symptoms,and life history.Dr.Drust has given Nairi the

Accepted Answer

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) is a widely used personality test that includes a depression scale and can help identify personality characteristics that may be related to depression. It also includes a validity scale that can detect attempts to fake or distort responses. The Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test are projective tests that are less commonly used for diagnosing depression. The NEO-PI is a personality inventory that measures the Big Five personality traits, but it is not specifically designed to assess depression.

Question 2

Machiko recently started college.Her freshman orientation includes information on date rape and personal safety.Machiko realizes that she has few if any self-defense skills so,determined to become more competent,she joins a martial arts club at her university.After several months she is aware that her ability to take care of herself has improved dramatically.Machiko's feelings of ________________ regarding her personal safety have increased.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in their own ability to achieve goals and handle challenging situations. In this scenario, Machiko's decision to join a martial arts club and improve her self-defense skills suggests that she has developed a sense of self-efficacy when it comes to her personal safety.

Question 3

Selma's teachers believe she may be struggling with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),so her mother,father,and teachers are all asked to meet with the school psychologist to answer the same set of specific questions.Based on this information,the school psychologist is using a _______________ as part of the assessment.

Accepted Answer

The specific set of questions that each participant (mother, father, and teachers) is asked to answer indicates that a structured interview is being used as part of the assessment process. This type of interview allows for standardized and consistent information gathering, which can assist in making a diagnosis or determining appropriate interventions.

Question 4

Yanamarie's second-grade class goes on a field trip to a hospital,where they meet Dr.Linda Palben and her assistant,a nurse who introduces himself as Jasper Hanson.When she returns home that night,Yanamarie tells her parents she is confused.She thought that doctors were always supposed to be men and nurses women.Yanamarie's confusion is a result of her

Accepted Answer

Yanamarie's confusion is a result of her gender schemas, which are cognitive frameworks that organize gender-related information. Her gender schema led her to believe that doctors are men and nurses are women, which she realized wasn't true when she met Dr. Linda Palben and Jasper Hanson, who challenged her preconceptions.

Question 5

Marco enjoys meeting new people and learning all about them.He is patient and good at seeing the world from others' viewpoints.Because he loves children's enthusiasm and energy,he decides to major in elementary education.Like all extroverts,Marco seeks ______________ situations because they tend to ____________ him.

Accepted Answer

Extroverts tend to seek stimulating situations because they thrive on interaction and excitement. These situations tend to energize them rather than exhaust them.

Question 6

In George Kelly's fixed-role therapy,patients:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In George Kelly's fixed-role therapy,patients:
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Question 7

Cailean has been reading a book on dream symbolism.The book's author states that certain dream images always mean certain things.For example,if Cailean were to dream that her teeth were falling out,this would mean that she was afraid of losing face.Cailean wonders how it is possible for humans to know about the universal dream symbols until she learns about the ideas of

Accepted Answer

The concept of archetypes and collective unconscious, as proposed by psychoanalyst Carl Jung, suggests that certain symbols and images are universal and common among all humans, regardless of cultural upbringing or individual experiences. This means that certain dream symbols could have consistent meanings across different individuals and cultures.

Question 8

George Kelly's theory of how people construct reality predicts that:

Accepted Answer

According to Kelly's theory, individuals have unique constructs and interpretations of the world around them, based on their experiences, beliefs, and values. Therefore, even when given the same experience, people will construct different views of it because of these individual differences.

Question 9

Alyssa has a poor self-concept.She doesn't feel that she can do anything right,and when something good does happen she attributes it to luck.Based on what we know about congruence,when Alyssa is offered a promotion at the office,she is most likely to tell herself,

Accepted Answer

Alyssa's poor self-concept and tendency to attribute success to external factors like luck suggest she would likely dismiss the promotion as undeserved, thinking the boss felt sorry for her.

Question 10

Jedediah's friends have asked him to accompany them on a trip overseas.Though Jedediah is interested in going,he has been saving money to go back to school."If I go on this trip," he thinks,"I won't have enough money to enter graduate school for at least another year." This kind of if-then link is represented by

Accepted Answer

The if-then link in this scenario is an example of behaviour-outcome expectancies, which refer to the belief that engaging in a certain behaviour will lead to a certain outcome. In this case, Jedediah believes that if he goes on the trip, the outcome will be not having enough money to go back to school for another year.

Question 11

When twenty-eight-year-old Rafferty recently completed a fitness assessment as part of a yearly physical,his results were poorer than he expected.His weight is higher than it should be,he has several unhealthy habits,and he is unable to lift weights comparable to others his age.Rafferty's parents say that Rafferty just inherited bad genes and that there is little he can do to improve himself.Rafferty doesn't believe this is true,so he hires a personal trainer,quits smoking,and begins to walk for 20 minutes every day.Rafferty probably has a/an

Accepted Answer

Rafferty believes that he has control over his health and fitness and can take steps to improve himself. This shows an internal locus of control, where he believes that his actions can impact his life outcomes, rather than believing that external factors, such as genetics, determine his fate.

Question 12

Orlando's grandmother asks about the day he brought his new puppy home.Though Orlando was not thinking about that day when Grandmother asked,he is immediately able to recall all the details.The memory of bringing his puppy home has moved from his ___________ to his _______________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Preconscious memory refers to information that is not currently in conscious awareness but can be easily retrieved and brought to conscious awareness. In this scenario, Orlando was not actively thinking about the day he brought his puppy home, but when prompted by his grandmother, he was able to easily recall the details, indicating that this memory was stored in his preconscious memory. As he retrieved the memory, it then moved into his conscious memory.

Question 13

After he receives his driver's license,Alan borrows the car from his parents and causes a minor accident.Though no one is hurt,both cars have sustained enough damage that the insurance companies will need to become involved,and Alan knows his parents will be furious with him.When he calls them,the first thing they ask is whether he and everyone else are all right.When they come to pick him up,they tell him that they are glad he's all right and that they love him no matter what,but he is going to lose his driving privileges until he earns some money to help pay the increased insurance fees.Carl Rogers would say that Alan's parents are

Accepted Answer

Alan's parents are demonstrating unconditional positive regard by expressing their love for him regardless of his mistakes and taking a reasonable disciplinary action. They are not putting conditions on their love for him or being irrational in their response. There is no evidence to suggest that their response is based on how their own parents treated them.

Question 14

Dr.Vartan shows his client Dallas 12 different pictures and asks him to tell a story about each one.When Dallas has looked at all the cards,the two of them review the stories together,looking for recurrent themes.Dallas has just taken the

Accepted Answer

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) involves showing clients ambiguous pictures and asking them to tell a story about each one. The therapist then analyzes the stories for recurrent themes, which can provide insight into the client's personality and psychological functioning. The Rorschach involves showing clients inkblots and asking them to describe what they see, while the MMPI-2 is a self-report personality inventory and the NEO-PI measures personality traits. None of these assessments involve showing pictures and asking for stories.

Question 15

Iona has been in trouble with the law several times for fighting with other people and has been court-ordered into anger management therapy.As part of the initial assessment,the therapist asks Iona to take a personality test.When the test is done,she and Iona sit down to look at the results.The therapist explains that Iona has high scores on depression,paranoia,psychopathic deviance,and hypomania.The therapist gave Iona the

Accepted Answer

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) is a personality test that assesses various personality traits and psychological disorders. It includes scales that measure depression, paranoia, and psychopathic deviance, which were identified as high in Iona's results. The MMPI-2 is often used in clinical settings to aid in diagnosing mental health disorders, making it the best choice in this scenario. The Rorschach and TAT are projective tests, while the NEO-PI measures personality traits but does not assess specific disorders or symptoms related to the ones identified in Iona's results.

Question 16

Bobbi's father was always busy while she was growing up and rarely spent time with her.Bobbi remembers wondering why her father did not love her and thinking that maybe if she went out of her way to do nice things for him he would notice her.She enters therapy because she repeatedly chooses partners who ignore her needs or treat her with disdain,no matter how nice she is to them.Bobbi's therapist points out to Bobbi that she is dating only men who treat her the way her father did,maybe because she hopes they will love her in a way her father never seemed to.To make these interpretations,Bobbi's therapist is relying on

Accepted Answer

Bobbi's therapist is relying on object relations theory, which suggests that people internalize early experiences and relationships with important attachment figures (such as parents) and then unconsciously seek out similar relationships with others later in life. In this case, Bobbi's early experiences with her busy and emotionally distant father have led her to choose partners who replicate that pattern of behavior towards her.

Question 17

Mila is a psychology graduate student taking a course in assessment methods.The students are expected to take each of the instruments about which they are learning so they can practice interpreting the results.Working with a fellow student,they each look at 10 inkblots,asking each other,"What might this be?" and "Show me where you see that so I can see it as you do." Mila is learning about the

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes Mila and her fellow student taking inkblot tests and asking each other what they might be and where they see certain things. This is a description of the Rorschach test, which uses inkblots to assess personality traits and psychological functioning. The other options listed (TAT, MMPI-2, and NEO-PI) are also assessment instruments, but they do not use inkblots as part of the testing process.

Question 18

Erik enjoys trying new things.He has just accepted a job opportunity in another country and is expected to pack his things and move within the next month.His friends tell him how impressed they are,because he views such extreme changes as exciting challenges.He is always the first in their group to try new activities or take entrepreneurial risks.This consistent tendency to respond positively to change is one of Erik's

Accepted Answer

Erik's consistent tendency to respond positively to change and take risks is an example of his behavioral signature, which refers to his characteristic way of responding to situations.

Quiz 14: Personality

Marco enjoys meeting new people and learning all about them.He is patient and good at seeing the world from others' viewpoints.Because he loves children's enthusiasm and energy,he decides to major in elementary education.Like all extroverts,Marco seeks __ situations because they tend to him.

In George Kelly's fixed-role therapy,patients:

George Kelly's theory of how people construct reality predicts that:

Alyssa has a poor self-concept.She doesn't feel that she can do anything right,and when something good does happen she attributes it to luck.Based on what we know about congruence,when Alyssa is offered a promotion at the office,she is most likely to tell herself,

Orlando's grandmother asks about the day he brought his new puppy home.Though Orlando was not thinking about that day when Grandmother asked,he is immediately able to recall all the details.The memory of bringing his puppy home has moved from his _ to his _____ memory.

Dr.Vartan shows his client Dallas 12 different pictures and asks him to tell a story about each one.When Dallas has looked at all the cards,the two of them review the stories together,looking for recurrent themes.Dallas has just taken the