Question 1

Before publishing her test of musical aptitude,Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people.This was most clearly necessary for purposes of

Accepted Answer

Standardization is the process of establishing criteria for administering, scoring, and interpreting a test. By administering the test to a representative sample of people, Professor Reed ensures that the test is standardized and can be used reliably and validly across different populations. This is necessary before publishing the test.

Question 2

Comparing the academic performance of those whose scores are extremely low on intelligence tests with those whose scores are extremely high is an effective way to highlight the tests'

Accepted Answer

Comparing the academic performance of those with extremely low IQ scores to those with extremely high scores on intelligence tests can demonstrate the validity of the tests. Validity refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. By comparing the academic performance of these two groups, we can see how well the test predicts their academic success, which can serve as evidence for the validity of the test. Standardization refers to the process of establishing norms and uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test. Factor analysis is a statistical technique used to identify underlying factors that may be contributing to test scores. Reliability refers to the consistency of test scores over time and across different raters or versions of the test.

Question 3

We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ________ of a bird.

Accepted Answer

A prototype is the typical or most representative example of a category. In this case, a blue jay is a more typical example or prototypical bird in our minds than a penguin. Therefore, we more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird because it fits our prototype of a bird more closely.

Question 4

Because of his accumulated years of knowledge about psychology,Dr.Hernandez has decided that his fiftieth birthday would be the perfect time to begin writing an introductory psychology textbook.It would demonstrate his

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulated knowledge and skills from experience and education. As Dr. Hernandez has accumulated years of knowledge about psychology, it would be his crystallized intelligence that would be demonstrated through writing an introductory psychology textbook.

Question 5

Comparing the current intelligence test scores among people from distinctly different age groups requires

Accepted Answer

Comparing different age groups requires cross-sectional studies, which measure and compare individuals of different ages at the same point in time. Factor analysis is used to identify underlying factors or dimensions of intelligence, heritability estimates measure the degree to which genetic factors contribute to individual differences in intelligence, and longitudinal studies measure and track the same individuals over time.

Question 6

When Luke was 17 years old,his intelligence test score was below 98 percent of test-takers.Now at the age of 23,he needs adult supervision because he is not able to adapt to the normal demands of independent living.Luke most clearly meets the requirements for being assigned a diagnosis of

Accepted Answer

Luke's intelligence test score below 98 percentile suggests that he has below-average intellectual functioning. He also shows difficulty in adapting to normal demands of independent living indicating deficits in adaptive functioning. These two criteria are necessary for a diagnosis of intellectual disability. Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorder may have similar symptoms but have different underlying causes. Savant syndrome is characterized by a remarkable talent in a narrow field despite a low IQ score, which is not the case with Luke.

Question 7

The similarity between intelligence scores of fraternal twins raised together is

Accepted Answer

The answer of The similarity between intelligence scores of fraternal...

Question 8

If course exams assess a student's mastery of a representative sample of course material,they are said to

Accepted Answer

Content validity refers to whether a test accurately measures the material it is designed to assess. If course exams assess a representative sample of course material, then they have content validity. The other options are not directly related to the concept described in the question.

Question 9

College students are more likely to use a condom when told that it has a 95 percent success rate than when told it has a 5 percent failure rate.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of framing, where the presentation of information can influence an individual's decision-making. The use of a 95 percent success rate frame is more positive and appealing than a 5 percent failure rate frame, even though the information conveyed is essentially the same.

Question 10

Max is so used to thinking that a tough competitive style of behavior is the best way to impress others that he fails to recognize that the most effective way to impress his girlfriend is with cooperative tenderness.Max's oversight best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Max's behavior is indicative of a fixation, which is a cognitive bias where an individual gets locked into a certain way of thinking or behavior, making it difficult for them to recognize alternative approaches. Max's fixation on a competitive and tough behavior style prevents him from recognizing the benefits of a cooperative and tender approach to impress his girlfriend. The framing effect refers to the way a situation or the presentation of information can influence an individual's decision-making. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures for solving problems or achieving an objective. Divergent thinking is a thought process aimed at generating creative ideas by exploring multiple possible solutions. None of these concepts effectively capture or explain Max's oversight in this scenario, which is best explained by a fixation.

Question 11

The easier it is for people to remember an instance in which they were betrayed by a friend,the more they expect such an event to recur.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic refers to the tendency to judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples of that event come to mind. In this case, a person is more likely to expect betrayal by a friend if they can easily recall a past instance of betrayal.

Question 12

A person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly (for example,in solving novel logic problems)decreases slowly up to about age 75,then more rapidly,especially after age 85.This type of ability is also known as

Accepted Answer

The ability to reason speedily and abstractly is known as fluid intelligence, which is suggested to decrease slowly up to age 75 and then more rapidly after age 85. Factors like emotional intelligence and crystallized intelligence are not related to this type of ability. Factor analysis is a statistical technique used to identify patterns among various items.

Question 13

If you have a natural aptitude for academics,you will more likely stay in school,read books,and increase your brain power.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

Gene-environment interactions refers to the way our genes interact with our environment to shape our development and behavior. In this case, having a natural aptitude for academics may be influenced by genetic factors, but it is also impacted by environmental factors such as access to education and resources. This, in turn, can impact one's likelihood to stay in school, read books, and improve their brain power.

Question 14

Professor Chadwick evaluated a graduate student's research proposal negatively simply because he had heard a rumor about the student's incompetence.When later informed that the rumor had been false,the professor's assessment of the student's research proposal remained almost as negative as it had been originally.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario best illustrates belief perseverance, which is the tendency to persist in one's initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them. Even though the professor learned that the rumor was false, his initial negative evaluation of the student may have still been influenced by his preconceived beliefs about the student's incompetence. The other options (a, b, and d) do not fit this scenario as well.

Question 15

Dr.Dawson is conducting a study with military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf wars.He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory.This is a ________ study.

Accepted Answer

A longitudinal study involves observing and measuring the same group of individuals over an extended period of time to study changes or differences that may occur in them. In this case, Dr. Dawson is tracking the same group of military veterans for 10 years to observe and measure the changes in their mental abilities and memory. A eugenic study looks at the genetic makeup of individuals or groups, a cross-sectional study compares different groups at one specific point in time, and a factor analytic study is a statistical method used to study the underlying structure of a set of variables.

Question 16

Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult ________ test and to depress male students' performance on a difficult ________ test.

Accepted Answer

Stereotype threat is the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group. In the case of female students, the stereotype is that they are weaker in math compared to their male counterparts. Therefore, when female students are taking a difficult math problem-solving test, the fear of confirming this stereotype can lead to increased anxiety and decreased performance. For male students, the stereotype is that they are weaker in verbal fluency compared to females. Therefore, when male students are taking a difficult verbal fluency test, the fear of confirming this stereotype can lead to increased anxiety and decreased performance.

Question 17

To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store,you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle.This best illustrates problem solving by means of

Accepted Answer

The systematic search of every shelf in every aisle is an example of using an algorithm, which is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem. This methodical approach is likely to be the most efficient way to find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store. The availability heuristic involves relying on readily available examples or information to make decisions, which is not relevant in this scenario. Belief perseverance refers to the tendency to cling to one's initial beliefs or attitudes, even in the face of new evidence, which is also not applicable here. Framing involves how information is presented, which is not relevant to the process of finding Tabasco sauce in a grocery store.

Question 18

When retested on the WAIS,people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely.This indicates that the test has a high degree of

Accepted Answer

The fact that people's second scores on the WAIS match their first scores quite closely indicates that the test has high reliability, meaning that it produces consistent and stable results over time.

Question 19

Research suggests that girls are more skilled than boys at

Accepted Answer

Research shows that girls are more skilled at detecting other people's emotions. Studies have also found that girls are more empathetic and better at reading nonverbal cues, such as facial expressions and tone of voice, which allows them to better understand the emotions of others.

Question 20

Unlike the use of algorithms or heuristics,insight does not involve

Accepted Answer

Insight is a sudden realization or understanding that solves a problem or leads to a new understanding without the use of pre-existing concepts or strategies. Therefore, it does not involve strategy-based solutions like algorithms or heuristics. Option A and B are incorrect as concepts and prototypes may play a role in insight problem solving. Option C is also incorrect as cognition is a necessary component of insight problem solving.

Quiz 8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence