Question 1

Jennifer has been studying day and night for so many weeks that she is chronically sleep deprived.She is likely to experience all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Chronic sleep deprivation has been associated with an increased likelihood of hallucinations and delusions, extreme irritability, the loss of mental flexibility and creativity. However, it has also been associated with increased levels of the hormone cortisol as the body tries to cope with stress. Therefore, reduced levels of cortisol would not be a symptom of chronic sleep deprivation.

Question 2

Narcolepsy involves:

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy involves unpredictable daytime attacks of sleep, which can occur without warning and can last from several seconds to several minutes. It is a neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. The other options (B, C, and D) are not characteristic of narcolepsy.

Question 3

Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that less than ________ of women have PMS symptoms predictably over their cycles.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that only a small percentage of women (around 5%) have PMS symptoms predictably over their cycles.

Question 4

The incidence of seasonal affective disorder in Canada is approximately:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The incidence of seasonal affective disorder in...

Question 5

________ is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep.

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep. Sleep apnea is a disorder that involves pauses in breathing during sleep, while insomnia is difficulty falling or staying asleep. Non-REM sleep is a stage of sleep that is distinct from REM sleep.

Question 6

________ is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

Accepted Answer

The description matches Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), which is characterized by recurrent major depressive episodes that coincide with specific seasons, usually winter. This disorder is controversial because some experts question if it is a distinct disorder or if it is simply a variation of major depression.

Question 7

For most people,mild forms of sleep deprivation are likely due to:

Accepted Answer

Insomnia, or difficulty falling or staying asleep, is a common cause of mild sleep deprivation. Other causes may include lifestyle factors such as staying up late to study or work, environmental disturbances like noise or light, or anxiety and stress. However, more severe or chronic sleep deprivation may have underlying medical causes such as hormonal imbalances or sleep disorders like narcolepsy. Internal desynchronization, or a mismatch between the body's natural sleep-wake cycle and external factors like work schedules, can also contribute to sleep deprivation.

Question 8

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a person:

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which a person periodically stops breathing during sleep.

Question 9

Controlled studies indicate that:

Accepted Answer

Controlled studies have shown that phototherapy, also known as light therapy, is effective in alleviating symptoms of SAD in most cases. This involves sitting in front of a bright lightbox for a specific amount of time each day, usually in the morning, to simulate natural sunlight and regulate circadian rhythms. Low levels of negative ions have not been shown to be effective in treating SAD. SAD is recognized as a true disorder by the DSM-5.

Question 10

Chronic insomnia affects about ________ of all adults.

Accepted Answer

Chronic insomnia affects about 10% of all adults.

Question 11

The use of light treatment:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that light treatment can be effective in reducing symptoms for people who suffer from seasonal affective disorder (SAD). While there have been some methodological problems in research on SAD, light treatment has consistently shown promise. It is also effective for people who travel across time zones and for both males and females. However, there is no evidence to suggest that it works better for one gender over the other.

Question 12

Some of the world's most serious industrial accidents,including Three Mile Island,Chernobyl,and the Exxon Valdez disaster have in common the speculation that key personnel suffered from:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some of the world's most serious industrial...

Question 13

PMS and SAD are related in that:

Accepted Answer

Both PMS and SAD are commonly believed to be much more prevalent than they actually are. While there may be some overlap in the populations affected by these conditions, there is no evidence to suggest that suffering from one condition makes one more likely to suffer from the other. Both conditions can be treated, but not necessarily with over-the-counter medications.

Question 14

________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep,causing the person to choke,gasp,and momentarily awaken.

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which the person's breathing stops briefly during sleep, which can cause choking, gasping, and momentary awakening. Insomnia is a persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep. Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep. Non-REM sleep is a stage of sleep that is characterized by a lack of rapid eye movement and is divided into three separate stages.

Question 15

Kiyoshi planned to take over-the-counter melatonin supplements in order to restore the 24-hour sleep-wake cycle that was typical before she began college.After reading her psychology textbook,Kiyoshi decided that she:

Accepted Answer

Research on the effectiveness of melatonin supplements for regulating sleep-wake cycles has yielded mixed results. Therefore, it would be best for Kiyoshi to refrain from taking the supplements without consulting a healthcare professional.

Question 16

Sleep deprivation can result in all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Sleep deprivation can cause physical symptoms such as increased muscle pain and lack of coordination, but it does not result in a decline of hormones necessary for proper immune system, decline in mental flexibility, attention, and creativity, or the occurrence of hallucinations and delusions.

Question 17

In a study of mood changes in men and women,researchers found that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a study of mood changes in...

Question 18

Because of genetics,some people:

Accepted Answer

Genetics can play a role in determining whether someone is an early bird or a night owl, as it can affect the timing of their circadian rhythms. Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition towards waking up earlier or staying up later than others.

Question 19

Research concerning internal desynchronization done by Stanley Cohen at the University of British Columbia found that:

Accepted Answer

The research conducted by Stanley Cohen found that the spring shift to daylight savings time produced a short-term increase in the likelihood of accidental death, but the fall shift had little effect. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option B is incorrect because it suggests that the fall shift increases the likelihood of accidental death, which is contradicted by the research. Option C is incorrect because the study did not specifically investigate desynchronization in the workplace. Option D is incorrect because it suggests that both spring and fall shifts increase the likelihood of accidental deaths, which is only partially true.

Question 20

A meta-analysis of initial SAD studies suggests that:

Accepted Answer

The meta-analysis suggests that phototherapy may work for SAD, although many of the studies have been flawed. The other options are not supported by the information given in the question.

Quiz 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States