Question 1

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method.
-Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences,attitudes,or opinions.

Accepted Answer

Questionnaires and interviews that directly ask people about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions are typically part of a survey research method.

Question 2

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term.
-In an experiment,a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition.

Accepted Answer

The control condition is the comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition. The purpose of the control group is to provide a baseline measure for comparison with the experimental group that receives the treatment being studied.

The other choices are:
A) The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher in order to examine its effect on the dependent variable.
B) The dependent variable is the variable that is measured by the researcher in order to examine the effect of the independent variable on it.
C) Random assignment is the process of assigning participants to groups in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups.
D) Single-blind study is a research design in which the participants are unaware of whether they are in the experimental or control group, but the researcher is aware of the group assignments.

Question 3

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term.
-A procedure for putting people in the experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being put into a given group.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment is the procedure for putting people in the experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being put into a given group.

Question 4

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient.

Accepted Answer

A placebo is an inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient.

The other choices are: 
A) Confirmation bias: the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories 
B) Volunteer bias: when research participants are not representative of the larger population being studied 
D) Experimenter effects: unintended influence by the experimenter on the results of an experiment 
E) Double-blind study: a study in which neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment or placebo

Question 5

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-Unintended changes in subjects' behaviour due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter.

Accepted Answer

Experimenter effects refer to unintended changes in subjects' behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter.

Question 6

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-The consistency of scores derived from a test,from one time and place to another.

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency of scores derived from a test, from one time and place to another.

Question 7

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits,emotional states,aptitudes,interests,abilities,and values.

Accepted Answer

The definition describes psychological tests - standardized procedures used to measure various psychological aspects such as personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values. Validity refers to the degree to which a test accurately measures what it claims to measure, reliability refers to the consistency of results obtained from a test, standardization refers to the process of developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, and norms refer to the established standards of performance used to compare test scores.

Question 8

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-A shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample.

Accepted Answer

Volunteer bias refers to the tendency for a sample of volunteers in a study to be different from the general population, leading to potential inaccuracies or limitations in the findings.

Question 9

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method.
-A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated.

Accepted Answer

Case study is the method of studying an individual or a small group in great detail, collecting information from a variety of sources such as interviews, observations, and psychological testing. This method is often used in clinical psychology to evaluate and treat specific individuals.

Question 10

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method.
-A measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.

Accepted Answer

Correlation is a statistical method used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Question 11

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the researcher know which subjects are in the control group and which are in the experimental group until after the results are tallied.

Accepted Answer

A double-blind study is an experiment in which neither the subjects nor the researcher know which subjects are in the control group and which are in the experimental group until after the results are tallied.

Question 12

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term.
-A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by the manipulation of another variable.

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured and is expected to be affected by the independent variable, which is the one being manipulated.

Question 13

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-Established standards of performance for tests.

Accepted Answer

Norms are the established standards of performance for tests. Standardization refers to the consistent administration and scoring of a test. Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is intended to measure. Reliability refers to the consistency of the results of a test. Psychological tests are instruments used to measure psychological characteristics.

Question 14

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term.
-An experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group.

Accepted Answer

A single-blind study is an experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group.

Question 15

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method.
-A study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behaviour without interfering with the behaviour.

Accepted Answer

This description matches an observational study, where the researcher simply observes and records behavior without interfering. Surveys involve gathering information through questioning, case studies involve in-depth analysis of a single case, experiments involve manipulating variables to observe effects, and correlation involves looking for relationships between variables.

Question 16

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term.
-A variable that an experimenter manipulates.

Accepted Answer

An independent variable is the variable that the experimenter manipulates or changes.

Answer: B) Dependent variable 
 A dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or observed.

Answer: C) Random assignment 
 Random assignment is the process of assigning participants to different groups in an experiment randomly to control for any potential confounding variables.

Answer: D) Single-blind study 
 In a single-blind study, the participants do not know which group they are assigned to, but the researchers do.

Answer: E) Control condition 
 The control condition is the group that does not receive the experimental treatment and is used as a comparison to the experimental group.

Question 17

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method.
-A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another.

Accepted Answer

The description describes an experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another variable. This allows for control over extraneous variables and the ability to establish cause and effect relationships.

Answer options A, B, D, and E do not fit the description of manipulating one variable to observe its effect on another variable. 
A survey involves asking a series of questions to a sample of participants to collect data on their opinions or behaviors. 
A case study involves an in-depth examination of a single individual, group, or situation. 
An observational study involves observing and recording behavior in a natural setting without any manipulation or intervention from the researcher.
Correlation involves determining the relationship between two variables without manipulating them.

Question 18

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.

Accepted Answer

Validity refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure. Standardization refers to the process of administering and scoring a test in a consistent manner. Psychological tests refer to tests that measure various aspects of mental functioning. Reliability refers to the consistency of a test's scores over time. Norms refer to the average scores of a particular group of people on a given test.

Question 19

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-The development of uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test.

Accepted Answer

Standardization refers to the development of uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test.

Question 20

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief.

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to seek out or pay attention only to information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or expectations.

Answer: B 
 Volunteer bias occurs when the participants in a study are not truly representative of the population being studied, because individuals who choose to participate may differ systematically from those who do not.

Answer: C 
 A placebo is a treatment or substance that has no therapeutic effect, but which the participant believes is an active treatment.

Answer: D 
 Experimenter effects refer to any unintended influence that the experimenter may have on the behavior of participants, which can affect the results of the study.

Answer: E 
 A double-blind study is a research design in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows which treatment or condition the participant is receiving, in order to control for bias and increase the validity of the results.

Quiz 2: How Psychologists Do Research

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method. -Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences,attitudes,or opinions.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term. -In an experiment,a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term. -A procedure for putting people in the experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being put into a given group.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -Unintended changes in subjects' behaviour due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -The consistency of scores derived from a test,from one time and place to another.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits,emotional states,aptitudes,interests,abilities,and values.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -A shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method. -A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method. -A measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the researcher know which subjects are in the control group and which are in the experimental group until after the results are tallied.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term. -A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by the manipulation of another variable.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -Established standards of performance for tests.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term. -An experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method. -A study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behaviour without interfering with the behaviour.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term. -A variable that an experimenter manipulates.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method. -A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -The development of uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief.