Question 1

Sally was six months pregnant and having a glass of wine at a bar. She was aware that people were disapproving of her drinking, which made her so angry that she thought: "I'll give them something to really condemn me for" and went outside to smoke a cigarette. What kind of a social theorist would be most interested in studying this escalation of deviant behaviour?
A)a stigma theorist
B)a family theorist
C) a gender theorist
D) a labelling theorist

Accepted Answer

Labelling theorists are most interested in studying how deviant behaviour can escalate due to societal reactions and negative labels. Sally's decision to engage in a more socially unacceptable behaviour (smoking while pregnant) may be a response to the negative reactions she received for drinking while pregnant. The labelling theorist would be interested in studying how social labels and reactions can influence individuals to engage in further deviant behaviour.

Question 2

According to the text, what term describes the use of illegitimate channels to pursue culturally approved goals when legitimate means are not available?
A)innovation
B)differential motivation
C) over conformity
D) neutralization

Accepted Answer

The term that describes the use of illegitimate channels to pursue culturally approved goals when legitimate means are not available is innovation. Option B, differential motivation, refers to different types of motivation that people have for engaging in deviant behavior. Option C, over conformity, refers to adhering too strictly to societal norms and rules, while option D, neutralization, refers to the excuses or justifications that people use to minimize the impact of their deviant behavior.

Question 3

According to the text, what will result in the future growth of crime?
A)failed restorative justice methods
B)new methods for committing crimes of a violent nature
C) crimes that occur within the corrections system
D) the Internet and other new technologies

Accepted Answer

The text states that "The proliferation of the Internet and other new technologies has created new opportunities for criminals and new types of crime, such as cyberbullying and identity theft." Therefore, the growth of crime in the future is most likely to result from the use of the Internet and other new technologies.

Question 4

According to the text, which of the following functions does punishment serve?
A)restitution
B)social conformity
C) reformation
D) deterrence

Accepted Answer

Punishment serves the function of deterrence by discouraging individuals from engaging in undesirable behaviors through the threat of negative consequences.

Question 5

Explain the process of differential association and how it can lead to a criminal or deviant career.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the process of differential association and...

Question 6

What kind of crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit?
A)a corporate crime
B)a political crime
C) an organized crime
D) an occupational crime

Accepted Answer

An organized crime involves a group of individuals forming a network to carry out illegal activities, including the supply of illegal goods and services for profit. Corporate crime refers to illegal actions committed by a company or its executives in pursuit of profit, while political crime involves illegal actions that are politically motivated. Occupational crime is committed by individuals within their occupation for their personal gain.

Question 7

According to sociologists, how is deviance relative?
A)Certain acts are always considered wrong, regardless of the society.
B)An act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such.
C) Most deviant acts occur within families or among relatives.
D) Everyone in society is a deviant; it's just that some are more deviant than others.

Accepted Answer

Sociologists view deviance as relative because what is considered deviant behavior varies from society to society and even within different subcultures within a society. Therefore, an act becomes deviant only when it is defined as such by the social norms and values of a particular society or social group.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of deviance?
A)serving alcohol at a dinner party with friends or coworkers
B)standing up and singing during a chemistry exam
C) travelling 10 km over the speed limit
D) telling your friends your hopes and dreams

Accepted Answer

Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms. Singing during an exam is a violation of the norm of quietness and focus during testing, making it an example of deviance. Serving alcohol at a dinner party, traveling slightly over the speed limit, and sharing hopes and dreams with friends are not typically considered deviant behaviors.

Question 9

Describe a circumstance where a person might be forced to innovate and commit a crime.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe a circumstance where a person might...

Question 10

Why are victimization surveys more accurate crime statistics than police records?
A)Police records provide information only from offenders, not victims.
B)Victimization surveys provide us with information about crimes that have not been officially reported.
C) People are more inclined to remember minor types of crime on victimization surveys.
D) Police records can be problematic because police tend not to get many reports from victims.

Accepted Answer

Victimization surveys provide information about crimes that have not been officially reported, which can give a more accurate picture of the true extent of crime. Police records only reflect crimes that have been reported to and recorded by the police, which may not be a complete representation of all crime in an area.

Question 11

What theory would examine the different standards of what is considered deviant for a man versus for a woman?
A)functionalist theory
B)feminist theory
C) social control theory
D) conflict theory

Accepted Answer

Feminist theory examines the different standards of what is considered deviant for a man versus for a woman as it focuses on gender-based inequalities and power imbalances. It argues that societal norms and values have been constructed by a patriarchal system, resulting in unique experiences of deviance and social control for women.

Question 12

According to supporters of deterrence, which of the following are effective deterrents?
A)incarceration without recreation or rehabilitation
B)alternatives to incarceration such as community service
C) severity, certainty, and promptness
D) execution without stays or delays

Accepted Answer

Supporters of deterrence theory believe that the severity, certainty, and promptness of punishment are the most effective deterrents. This means that the punishment must be severe enough to dissuade potential offenders, they must believe that they will be caught (certainty), and they must be punished quickly, before they have a chance to commit additional crimes. Incarceration without recreation or rehabilitation and execution without stays or delays may be seen as severe, but they do not necessarily increase the certainty or promptness of punishment. Alternatives to incarceration, such as community service, may be effective in reducing recidivism, but they may not be seen as severe enough to deter potential offenders.

Question 13

After spending five years in prison, David is released back into the community with job skills and social supports, and is ready to start his life over as a law-abiding citizen. What principle does this illustrate?
A)retribution
B)rehabilitation
C) restorative justice
D) reintegration

Accepted Answer

The answer of After spending five years in prison, David...

Question 14

How are most deviant behaviours in society controlled?
A)judicially
B)by a fine
C) legally
D) informally

Accepted Answer

Most deviant behaviors in society are controlled informally, through social norms, peer pressure, family values, moral standards, and cultural traditions. While some deviant behaviors are also regulated by laws and punishments enforced by courts, the majority of deviant behaviors are considered minor infractions and are dealt with informally by peers, family members, and community leaders. For example, getting drunk in public or breaking social etiquette may result in social ostracism or public shaming rather than legal penalties.

Question 15

Describe the problems associated with using crime statistics as a source of information about crime.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the problems associated with using crime...

Question 16

Which of the following perspectives would make the claim, as Jeffrey Reiman does, that "the rich get richer and the poor get prison"?
A)functionalist
B)conflict
C) social control
D) symbolic interactionist

Accepted Answer

The conflict perspective focuses on the unequal distribution of power, wealth, and resources in society, as well as the inevitable conflict between those who have power and those who do not. Jeffrey Reiman's statement reflects this perspective by pointing out the disproportionate punishment of the poor compared to the wealthy, which can be seen as a result of the power differential in society.

Question 17

Martha was the accountant responsible for petty cash expenses at the office. Every day, she created a bogus expense valued at around $10 to $15 and pocketed the money. According to the text, what kind of label would be given to this crime?
A)financial
B)white collar
C) deviant
D) mala prohibita

Accepted Answer

This type of crime is commonly known as a "white-collar crime" - a non-violent crime committed by someone in a professional or business capacity, often for financial gain. Petty cash embezzlement falls within the definition of this type of crime.

Question 18

According to Merton's strain theory, what are criminals doing when they commit crimes?
A)They are responding innovatively to institutionalized goals.
B)They are exhibiting unintelligent and irrational behaviour.
C) They are showing underlying psychological pathologies.
D) They are expressing their frustrations with capitalism.

Accepted Answer

According to Merton's strain theory, criminals are responding innovatively to institutionalized goals. This theory suggests that individuals who are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means turn to criminal activity as a way to adapt and achieve success through unconventional means. The strain occurs when the individual desires the socially accepted goal but feels blocked from achieving it through legitimate means.

Question 19

A young girl in middle school decides, for the first time, not to attend school today because she has a test. What would sociologist Edwin Lemert call this initial act of rule breaking?
A)primary deviance
B)secondary deviance
C) residual deviance
D) undetected deviance

Accepted Answer

Edwin Lemert would call this initial act of rule breaking primary deviance, which refers to the initial, non-conforming act or behavior which may or may not be recognized as deviant by others.

Question 20

Joseph is convicted in a court of law for assaulting his wife. He is sentenced to one year in prison and two years of probation following his release. What name does the text give to the action of depriving Joseph of his freedom because of the assault he committed?
A)punishment
B)retribution
C) retaliation
D) justice

Accepted Answer

The text describes the action as "sentenced to one year in prison" which is a form of punishment for committing the crime of assault. Retribution and retaliation both suggest a vengeful desire for harm, whereas justice is a broader concept that encompasses fairness and the protection of rights.

Quiz 11: Social Control, Deviance, and Crime

According to the text, what term describes the use of illegitimate channels to pursue culturally approved goals when legitimate means are not available?

According to the text, what will result in the future growth of crime?

According to the text, which of the following functions does punishment serve?

Explain the process of differential association and how it can lead to a criminal or deviant career.

What kind of crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit?

According to sociologists, how is deviance relative?

Which of the following is an example of deviance?

Describe a circumstance where a person might be forced to innovate and commit a crime.

Why are victimization surveys more accurate crime statistics than police records?

What theory would examine the different standards of what is considered deviant for a man versus for a woman?

According to supporters of deterrence, which of the following are effective deterrents?

After spending five years in prison, David is released back into the community with job skills and social supports, and is ready to start his life over as a law-abiding citizen. What principle does this illustrate?

How are most deviant behaviours in society controlled?

Describe the problems associated with using crime statistics as a source of information about crime.

Which of the following perspectives would make the claim, as Jeffrey Reiman does, that "the rich get richer and the poor get prison"?

Martha was the accountant responsible for petty cash expenses at the office. Every day, she created a bogus expense valued at around $10 to $15 and pocketed the money. According to the text, what kind of label would be given to this crime?

According to Merton's strain theory, what are criminals doing when they commit crimes?

A young girl in middle school decides, for the first time, not to attend school today because she has a test. What would sociologist Edwin Lemert call this initial act of rule breaking?

Joseph is convicted in a court of law for assaulting his wife. He is sentenced to one year in prison and two years of probation following his release. What name does the text give to the action of depriving Joseph of his freedom because of the assault he committed?