Question 1

Managers who want to improve ethical behavior should take actions such as

Accepted Answer

All of the listed actions are important for improving ethical behavior in an organization. Communicating the code of ethics in training programs and policies and procedures helps ensure that all employees are aware of the expectations for ethical behavior. Emphasizing the code of ethics in performance appraisals can reinforce the importance of ethical behavior and hold employees accountable. It is also important for managers to model ethical behavior themselves in order to set an example for their employees.

Question 2

There is no truth to the comment that "business ethics" is an oxymoron.

Accepted Answer

The statement that "business ethics" is an oxymoron suggests a belief that business practices inherently lack ethical principles, which is not universally true. Many businesses operate with strong ethical guidelines and social responsibility initiatives.

Question 3

Kohlberg places 80 percent of U.S. adults in the principled level of development.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory suggests that only a small percentage of individuals reach the principled level of moral development, with most individuals remaining at lower levels of development. Therefore, it is not accurate to say that 80 percent of U.S. adults are at the principled level.

Question 4

Discuss some reasons for unethical behavior by business people.

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

According to Kohlberg, the third level of moral development, characterized by a person's adherence to an internal moral code, is called

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's third level of moral development is called principled, also known as post-conventional or autonomous. This level is characterized by the individual's own moral principles and values, independent of society's expectations or rules. They follow universal ethical principles and their actions are guided by an internal sense of justice and a desire to avoid violating their own values.

Question 6

In support of whistle-blowers, the U.S. False Claims Act gives whistle-blowers what percentage of any damages recovered in cases where the government is defrauded?

Accepted Answer

The U.S. False Claims Act gives whistle-blowers a percentage of 15-30% of any damages recovered in cases where the government is defrauded.

Question 7

According to Kohlberg, what stage of moral development do the vast majority of people in the United States occupy?

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg, the majority of people in the United States occupy the conventional stage of moral development, which involves following socially accepted rules and conventions to maintain social order and gain the approval of others. This stage is characterized by an individual valuing interpersonal relationships and conforming to group norms.

Question 8

According to Kohlberg's levels of moral development, the conventional level is characterized by considerations of society's laws and norms.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg, the conventional level of moral development is when an individual's moral reasoning is based on society's norms and expectations.

Question 9

Law refers to formal codes that permit or forbid certain behaviors and may or may not enforce ethics or morality.

Accepted Answer

Law is a formal system of rules and regulations that govern society, and it may or may not reflect ethical or moral values. While some laws may be rooted in ethical or moral principles, others may not be, and the legal system is often more concerned with enforcing rules and resolving disputes than with upholding moral or ethical codes.

Question 10

"Let the buyer beware" is a traditional saying by free-market proponents who argue that customers in a free market democracy have the right to choose how they spend their money and live their lives.

Accepted Answer

"Let the buyer beware" means that buyers are responsible for making informed decisions in a free market, and this is a view commonly held by free-market proponents.

Question 11

What is moral relativism? What are the four types of moral relativism?

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

A code of ethics is important to clarify company expectations of employee conduct in various situations and to

Accepted Answer

A code of ethics helps to make it clear that the company expects its people to recognize the ethical dimensions in decision and actions. It does not necessarily directly reduce the burden on the judicial system, promote societal norms, encourage individuals to strive for good citizenship and corporations to contribute positively to society, or minimize the possibility of mandatory regulations.

Question 13

Moral relativism could enable a person to justify almost any sort of decision or action, so long as it is not declared illegal.

Accepted Answer

Moral relativism suggests that moral truths are relative to the individual or culture, which means that a person could justify their actions based on their own beliefs or cultural norms, regardless of the ethical implications. As long as something is not illegal, a person could use moral relativism to justify almost any decision or action.

Question 14

Kohlberg's pre-conventional level is characterized by a person's adherence to an internal moral code.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's pre-conventional level is actually characterized by a person's adherence to external rules and authority figures, rather than an internal moral code.

Question 15

The statement, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do," reflects the essence of cultural relativism.

Accepted Answer

The statement "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" means that one should adapt to the customs and traditions of the culture they are in, which is a key aspect of cultural relativism.

Question 16

Relationship-based countries tend to be less transparent and have a higher degree of corruption than do rule-based countries.

Accepted Answer

In relationship-based societies, personal relationships and connections are highly valued and play a significant role in decision-making processes. This can make it easier for corruption to occur as individuals may use their relationships to gain advantages or bypass rules and regulations. Rule-based countries, on the other hand, rely on formal rules and regulations to govern behavior and reduce the potential for corruption. Therefore, relationship-based countries tend to have less transparency and higher levels of corruption compared to rule-based countries.

Question 17

Research indicates that when faced with a question of ethics, managers tend to ignore codes of ethics and try to solve their dilemma on their own.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that managers often rely on personal values and experiences, rather than codes of ethics, when facing ethical dilemmas. This can lead to varying interpretations of what is considered ethical behavior and a lack of consistency in decision-making.

Question 18

A code of ethics is a useful way to promote ethical behavior.

Accepted Answer

A code of ethics outlines a set of principles or values that guide decision-making and behavior in a particular organization or profession. By providing clear expectations and standards for ethical conduct, a code of ethics can promote a culture of integrity and help prevent unethical behavior.

Question 19

According to a 2011 National Business Ethics survey, what percent of respondents who observed corporate misconduct rated their cultures as weak?

Accepted Answer

According to the 2011 National Business Ethics survey, 90% of respondents who observed corporate misconduct rated their cultures as weak.

Question 20

Cultural norms and values seldom guide ethical behavior in business.

Accepted Answer

Cultural norms and values can play a significant role in guiding ethical behavior in business. different cultures may have different ethical standards and practices, and these can influence the behavior of businesses operating within those cultural contexts.

Quiz 3: Social Responsibility and Ethics in Strategic Management