Which of the Following Has NOT Been Identified as a Common

Which of the following has NOT been identified as a common characteristic of leaders,according to research presented in the text?

A) Leaders tend to be more intelligent than non-leaders.
B) Leaders tend to be more socially-skilled than non-leaders.
C) Leaders tend to be more adaptive than non-leaders.
D) Leaders tend to be more ruthless than non-leaders.
E) Leaders tend to be more flexible than non-leaders.