Question 1

Gotlib and Colby have provided guidelines on how to avoid destructive quarrels and how to have good quarrels. Which of the following behaviours is not recommended for constructive quarrels?

Accepted Answer

It is not recommended to tell the other party how she or he is feeling as it can come across as dismissive or invalidating of their emotions. Instead, it is better to ask questions that help the other person express their feelings and concerns. The other choices (A, C, and D) are all recommended behaviors for constructive quarrels.

Question 2

According to conflict researchers, you are more likely to divulge your needs and concerns if your relationship with your partner includes

Accepted Answer

Trust is a crucial factor in creating a safe and secure environment where individuals feel comfortable expressing their needs and concerns. When trust is present, individuals are more likely to feel heard and understood, which can ultimately lead to healthier conflict resolution. The other options (mediation, passion, and the threat of withdrawal) do not necessarily create a safe and secure environment for open communication.

Question 3

In some disputes, the third-party chooses one of the two absolute offers, in order to motivate each party to make a reasonable proposal. This process is called

Accepted Answer

The process described in which a third-party chooses one of two absolute offers to motivate parties to make a reasonable proposal is known as final-offer arbitration.

Question 4

Allan and Marianne are getting a divorce and have turned to a mediator to help resolve the disagreements over the distribution of their assets, and the house in particular. Allan considers it a win if he gets the house, and a loss if Marianne gets it, despite the fact that she is maintaining custody of the kids. The goal of the mediator is to create a win-win situation where

Accepted Answer

The best choice is for Allan to recognize that the house should go to Marianne as it is in the best interest of all parties involved. Maintaining a civil relationship for the well-being of their children is crucial, and it is also important for Allan to prioritize their children's needs over his own desire to keep the house. A win-win situation involves both parties agreeing to a fair and reasonable resolution that benefits everyone, rather than just one individual.

Question 5

According to research, which of the following factors has been shown to correlate positively with marriage satisfaction and happiness?

Accepted Answer

Communication that is direct and open has been consistently shown to correlate positively with marriage satisfaction and happiness in research studies. Conditional communication, such as using ultimatums or threats, has been shown to be damaging to relationships. While compromise is important in any relationship, it is not the factor most strongly linked to marital satisfaction and happiness.

Question 6

Lisa and Andrew tried without success to reach a divorce settlement on their own. Lisa suggested that they sell the house and split the proceeds. Andrew thinks this is a terrible idea, but when a divorce mediator suggests the same thing, he agrees. What best accounts for this change?

Accepted Answer

The change in Andrew's opinion is likely due to the fact that the mediator appears to be a neutral third party. This lends credibility to the suggestion of selling the house and splitting the proceeds, as Andrew may feel that it is not just Lisa's idea, but rather a fair and reasonable solution recommended by a trained mediator.

Question 7

Mediators seek to establish _____________ that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit.

Accepted Answer

Mediators aim to establish integrative agreements that benefit both parties, rather than zero-sum agreements where one party wins and the other loses, or mirror-image agreements where both parties agree to the exact same terms but may not address individual interests. Arbitrated agreements typically involve an outside party imposing a decision, rather than negotiating a mutually beneficial solution.

Question 8

put children grades one to nine through about a dozen of conflict resolution training in six schools. They found that

Accepted Answer

The study found that after the conflict resolution training, there was a more peaceful student community and increased academic achievement. This suggests that the training had a positive impact on both the social and academic aspects of the students' lives.

Question 9

Charles Osgood's GRIT (graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction) strategy is an alternative to conflict that promotes _____________ rather than retaliation.

Accepted Answer

The GRIT strategy promotes conciliation, which means seeking to resolve a conflict through compromise and cooperation, rather than retaliation or aggression. Contact, communication, and correction may be part of the strategy, but the emphasis is on finding common ground and working together to reduce tension.

Question 10

David and Julie fought over naming their new puppy, until finally they went to Mom to get her to decide on a settlement. David and Julie relied on ____________ to resolve their conflict.

Accepted Answer

The answer of David and Julie fought over naming their...

Question 11

note that when people knew they would face an arbitrated settlement if mediation failed, they

Accepted Answer

When people know they may face an arbitrated settlement, they are more likely to make an effort to resolve their differences in mediation, as they want to avoid losing control to the arbitrator. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Question 12

A mediator may try to improve relationship communication by having conflicting parties restrict their arguments to statements of

Accepted Answer

By having conflicting parties restrict their arguments to statements of how they feel or think in response to the other's actions, a mediator can help them better understand each other's perspective and communicate effectively, leading to improved relationship communication. Focusing on underlying motives or personal analysis of causes can lead to further conflict and defensiveness. Proposing solutions or conditions for reconciliation may be premature until both sides feel heard and understood.

Question 13

Jean Paul and Michelle go to a third party to try and get their conflict resolved. The conflict resolution practitioner listens to both of them, then develops a settlement which he then asks them both to sign. This process is known as

Accepted Answer

Arbitration involves a third party listening to both sides in a dispute and then making a decision that is binding on both parties. Unlike mediation, where the mediator helps the parties find a mutual agreement, an arbitrator has the authority to determine the outcome.

Question 14

reported that, in the past, the Pope resolved a geographical dispute between Argentina and Chile. In this context the Pope was a __________ who is trusted by both conflicting sides.

Accepted Answer

The word "resolved" suggests that the Pope played a role in helping the two countries come to a mutually acceptable solution. Therefore, he must have acted as a mediator, someone who helps facilitate communication and negotiation between conflicting parties. The other options, such as leader or lawyer, do not necessarily imply the same level of neutrality and impartiality that is required of a mediator. "Peacemaker" is a possible alternative, but it is less precise and specific than "mediator."

Question 15

reported that South Africa achieved internal peace when ________________.

Accepted Answer

South Africa achieved internal peace when white and black Africans granted each other's top priorities, leading to a more harmonious and equitable society.

Question 16

Gotlib and Colby argue that destructive quarrels involve all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Gotlib and Colby's argument about destructive quarrels does not include divulging your positive and negative feelings as a component. This action is generally considered a constructive communication strategy, aiming to foster understanding and resolution, rather than contributing to the destructiveness of a quarrel.

Question 17

Negotiation researchers report that most disputants experience ____________.

Accepted Answer

Most disputants experience optimistic overconfidence, meaning they believe they will get more out of the negotiation than they actually do. This can lead to poor decision making and an inability to reach a mutually beneficial agreement. While some disputants may experience empathy or sympathy for the opposing side, this is not the most commonly reported experience. Pessimistic doubt may also be experienced by some, but again, it is not the most common.

Question 18

All of the following are recommendations for how to fight constructively except

Accepted Answer

Apologizing prematurely can come across as insincere and may not address the root issue. Instead, it is important to clearly define the issue and openly communicate both positive and negative feelings while offering constructive suggestions for mutual improvement. Additionally, repeating the other person's arguments in your own words can help ensure that both parties understand each other's perspectives.

Question 19

A mediator seeks to achieve a mutually beneficial resolution by having the parties adopt a __________ orientation.

Accepted Answer

A mediator's goal is to seek a mutually beneficial resolution for all parties involved, and this can only be achieved through a win-win orientation. Carefree and submissive attitudes do not involve actively seeking a resolution, and a win-lose orientation would not lead to a mutually beneficial outcome.

Question 20

The phenomenon wherein a mutually agreeable proposal is dismissed if offered by either side is known as

Accepted Answer

Reactive devaluation refers to the tendency of people or groups to reject proposals or offers made by others, simply because of who has made the proposal. It is a cognitive bias that can lead to missed opportunities for cooperation or compromise, as people may dismiss even mutually beneficial agreements because they do not trust or value the person or group making the offer. Proactive deregulation and devaluation do not accurately describe this phenomenon, and reactive deregulation is not a common term in negotiation or social psychology.

Quiz 13: Social Psychology in Conflict and Peacemaking