Question 1

What is the difference,if any,between cytosol and cytoplasm?

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Question 2

According to Oparin's theory for the origin of life,the prebiotic atmosphere:

Accepted Answer

According to Oparin's theory, the prebiotic atmosphere had an abundance of methane, ammonia, and water. These gases and water vapor were exposed to energy sources such as lightning, UV radiation, and heat, which led to the formation of organic molecules that eventually gave rise to the first living organisms. The atmosphere was not rich in oxygen at the time, as photosynthesis had not yet evolved.

Question 3

All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane composed of lipid and protein molecules.What is the function of the plasma membrane?

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Question 4

When a region of DNA must be repaired by removing and replacing some of the nucleotides,what ensures that the new nucleotides are in the correct sequence?

Accepted Answer

The new nucleotides base pair accurately with those on the complementary strand. During DNA repair, the complementary strand serves as a template for replacement of the damaged nucleotides. The new nucleotides are added to the growing strand in a sequence that is dictated by the base pairing rules- A with T and C with G. This ensures that the correct sequence is maintained.

Question 5

E.coli is known as a gram-negative bacterial species.
(a)How is this determined? 
(b)How do gram-negative bacteria differ structurally from gram-positive bacteria?

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Question 6

Name two functions of (a)proteins, (b)nucleic acids, (c)polysaccharides, (d)lipids.

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Question 7

What is the underlying,organizing biochemical principle that results in the chemical similarity of virtually all living things? Given this biochemical similarity,how is the structural and functional diversity of living things possible?

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Question 8

Explain the difference,if any,between a proteome and a proteasome.

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Question 9

Differentiate between configuration and conformation.

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Question 10

Most cells of higher plants have a cell wall outside the plasma membrane.What is the function of the cell wall?

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Question 11

Why is an asymmetric carbon atom called a chiral center?

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Question 12

The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined primarily by:

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in the protein determines its three-dimensional structure. The unique arrangement of amino acids leads to the formation of specific bonds and interactions that fold the protein into its functional shape. The other choices are not major contributors to the protein's three-dimensional structure.

Question 13

Hereditary information (with the exception of some viruses)is preserved in:

Accepted Answer

Hereditary information is stored in the genetic material of an organism, which is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) for most living organisms. Some viruses may use RNA (ribonucleic acid) instead. Membrane structures, nuclei, and polysaccharides do not store hereditary information.

Question 14

Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by:

Accepted Answer

Enzymes decrease the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. This means that they lower the energy barrier that must be overcome for the reaction to take place, making it easier for the molecules to react with one another. As a result, the reaction proceeds more quickly and with less energy input.

Question 15

What six characteristics distinguish living organisms from inanimate objects?

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Question 16

Provide a brief explanation for the observation that macromolecules diffuse at a slower rate in the cytosol than they do in dilute solution.

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Question 17

Energy requiring metabolic pathways that yield complex molecules from simpler precursors are:

Accepted Answer

Anabolic pathways require energy to build complex molecules from simpler precursors, while catabolic pathways break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy. Therefore, the best choice is B, anabolic.

Question 18

Draw the structures of the following functional groups in their un-ionized forms:
(a)hydroxyl.
(b)carboxyl.
(c)amino.
(d)phosphoryl.

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Question 19

(a)List the types of noncovalent interactions that are important in providing stability to the three-dimensional structures of macromolecules.
(b)Why is it important that these interactions be noncovalent,rather than covalent,bonds?

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Question 20

The major carrier of chemical energy in all cells is:

Accepted Answer

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the major carrier of chemical energy in all cells. It is created during cellular respiration and supplies energy for many cellular processes. Acetyl triphosphate, adenine monophosphate, cytosine tetraphosphate, and uridine diphosphate do not serve as major carriers of chemical energy in cells.

Quiz 1: The Foundations of Biochemistry