Question 1

All of the following are true regarding thyroglobulin except _____.

Accepted Answer

Thyroglobulin does not signal the pituitary gland to stop releasing thyroid-stimulating hormone. Instead, the thyroid hormones produced from thyroglobulin negatively feedback to the pituitary gland to reduce the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Question 2

Explain why splenectomy is sometimes carried out in patients with persistent type II autoimmune diseases that affect leukocytes.

Accepted Answer

When autoantibodies directed toward leukocyte surface antigens bind to the cell surface,complement fixation and deposition of C3b occurs.The membrane-attack complex usually does not form on leukocytes because of complement regulatory proteins.Their elimination from the circulation,however,occurs by a different mechanism involving splenic macrophages that bear FcR and CR1,receptors for antibodies and C3b,respectively.The macrophages carry out phagocyte-mediated clearance of these leukocytes,leading to a deficiency of these cells in the circulation.Removal of the spleen spares the elimination of these leukocytes.The presence of antibody and C3b on their cell surface does not affect their ability to functional normally.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a type III autoimmune response? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Mixed essential cryoglobulinemia and systemic lupus erythematosus are both examples of type III autoimmune responses, which are characterized by the formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissues and trigger inflammation. Acute thrombocytopenia purpura and insulin-resistant diabetes are examples of type II autoimmune responses, in which antibodies directed against specific self-antigens cause destruction of target cells or tissues. Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of a type IV autoimmune response, in which T cells attack self-antigens and trigger inflammation.

Question 4

The reason why babies born to mothers with Graves' disease suffer passively from the disease for only a short while after birth is that _____.

Accepted Answer

The reason why babies born to mothers with Graves' disease suffer passively from the disease for only a short while after birth is that only antibodies, and not the B cells making the autoantibodies, cross the placenta. This means that the baby is temporarily affected by the maternal antibodies, but since the cells producing these antibodies are not transferred, the effect is temporary until the maternal antibodies are cleared from the baby's system.

Question 5

A(n)_____ binds to the antigen-binding site of another antibody.

Accepted Answer

An anti-idiotypic antibody binds to the antigen-binding site of another antibody, specifically recognizing and binding to the variable region of the antigen-binding site.

Question 6

Autoimmune diseases,which are classified on the basis of the effector mechanism that causes the symptoms,include all of the following types of hypersensitivity reaction except _____.

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune diseases are not classified as type I hypersensitivity reactions, which are mediated by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells and causing immediate hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis or allergic rhinitis. Autoimmune diseases are mediated by other types of immune responses, such as type II (cytotoxic), type III (immune complex-mediated), or type IV (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 7

Which of the following is associated with antagonistic autoantibodies against cell-surface receptors or adhesion molecules? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is associated with...

Question 8

Which of the following describes myasthenia gravis?

Accepted Answer

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks the receptors on the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue.

Question 9

It is believed that the allotype DRB1*_____ may confer protection against rheumatoid arthritis because it contains _____ amino acid residues at positions 70 and 71 that bind to different subsets of peptides compared with the allotypes that confer susceptibility to this disease.

Accepted Answer

DRB1*04:02 contains arginine and serine residues at positions 70 and 71, respectively, which bind to a different set of peptides compared with the DRB1*04:01 and DRB1*04:04 alleles, which are associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. DRB1*04:05 and DRB1*04:08 are not mentioned in the potential answers as having a specific association with rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 10

Which of the following is the cause of red blood cell deficiency in autoimmune hemolytic anemia? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the body produces autoantibodies that bind to and attack red blood cells, leading to their destruction. This destruction can occur through the assembly of membrane-attack complexes (C) or phagocyte-mediated clearance in the spleen (D). Choices A, B, and E are not causes of red blood cell deficiency in autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Question 11

With the exception of ______,these autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in women than in men.

Accepted Answer

Ankylosing spondylitis is more prevalent in men than in women, whereas the other listed autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome, and Graves' disease) are more prevalent in women.

Question 12

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Graves' disease?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, and is characterized by weight loss, an enlarged thyroid gland, heat intolerance, and overproduction of thyroid hormones such as T₃ and T₄. However, Graves' disease is not associated with elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, as the overproduction of thyroid hormones in Graves' disease is due to the autoantibodies stimulating the TSH receptor on the thyroid gland, rather than the pituitary gland. In fact, TSH levels are typically suppressed in Graves' disease.

Question 13

All of the following autoimmune diseases are correctly matched with their HLA disease associations except _____.

Accepted Answer

HLA-B35 is not associated with birdshot retinopathy; the correct association is HLA-A29.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a type II autoimmune response? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Type II autoimmune responses involve antibodies targeting a specific cell surface or extracellular matrix antigen. Goodpasture's syndrome involves antibodies targeting the lungs and kidneys, while myasthenia gravis involves antibodies targeting the acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells.

Question 15

Individuals who have two defective alleles of the AIRE gene _____.

Accepted Answer

Individuals who have two defective alleles of the AIRE gene exhibit symptoms of autoimmunity at a young age. This is because the AIRE gene helps regulate the development of immune tolerance, and defects in the gene can lead to the production of self-reactive immune cells, resulting in autoimmune disease.

Question 16

If autoantibodies of the IgG or IgM isotype were produced with specificity for components found on the surface of erythrocytes,which of the following would occur? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Autoantibodies of the IgG or IgM isotype with specificity for components found on the surface of erythrocytes can lead to:A) formation of membrane-attack complex, which can cause lysis of erythrocytes and anemiaC) immune-complex deposition in renal glomeruli, which can lead to glomerulonephritisE) receptor-mediated phagocytosis via Fc receptors on phagocytes, which can also lead to anemia

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a type IV autoimmune response? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Type IV autoimmune responses, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, involve T-cell mediated immune responses rather than antibody-mediated. Type 1 diabetes is an example where autoreactive T cells attack pancreatic beta cells. Multiple sclerosis involves T cells attacking the myelin sheath of nerve cells.

Question 18

Which type of autoimmune disease is correctly matched with its cause?

Accepted Answer

Type III autoimmune diseases are caused by immune complexes deposited in tissues. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

Answer: A 
 Type I autoimmune diseases are caused by IgE-mediated reactions. Examples include asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Answer: B 
 Type II autoimmune diseases are caused by effector T cells. Examples include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and Graves disease.

Answer: D 
 Type IV autoimmune diseases are caused by T cell-mediated reactions against extracellular matrix-associated autoantigens. Examples include multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes.

Answer: E 
 There is no type V classification for autoimmune diseases.

Question 19

_____ is a highly variable type III autoimmune disease in which immune complexes form and may cause glomerulonephritis of the kidney,arthritis of the joints,and vasculitis of the face.

Accepted Answer

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a highly variable type III autoimmune disease in which immune complexes form and may cause glomerulonephritis of the kidney, arthritis of the joints, and vasculitis of the face. Pemphigus vulgaris is a type II autoimmune disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes, rheumatoid arthritis is a type III autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, multiple sclerosis is a type IV autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, and Goodpasture's syndrome is a type II autoimmune disease that affects the kidneys and lungs.

Question 20

Match between columns
                        Premises: During pregnancy,IgG antibodies and activated lymphocytes can cross the placenta and enter the circulatory system of the fetus.
Newborns of mothers with T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases exhibit the same symptoms as their mothers.
Blood plasma exchange (plasmapheresis)can be used to remove maternal IgG from the newborn.
Autoimmune diseases can be induced after an infection.
All autoimmune diseases involve a breach of T-cell tolerance.

Accepted Answer

The Answer of True and False is...

Quiz 16: Disruption of Healthy Tissue by the Adaptive Immune Response