Question 1

The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and ________.
A) positivity offset
B) selective perception
C) intrinsic task motivation
D) external locus of control
E) emotional intelligence

Accepted Answer

According to the three-component model of creativity, the third component required for individual creativity is intrinsic task motivation. Expertise and creative thinking skills are necessary but not sufficient for creativity; an individual must also be motivated to engage in the creative process. Positivity offset, selective perception, external locus of control, and emotional intelligence are not components of the three-component model of creativity.

Question 2

________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.
A) Risk aversion
B) Randomness error
C) Escalation of commitment
D) Fundamental attribution error
E) Availability bias

Accepted Answer

Escalation of commitment refers to the tendency to continue investing time, money, or resources into a decision or project, even when there is clear evidence that it is not working or is unlikely to succeed. This can be due to a desire to avoid admitting failure or to justify previous investments.

Question 3

Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior.

Accepted Answer

Attribution theory is indeed focused on how we evaluate and make judgments about the actions and behaviors of others based on the perceived causes or reasons behind their behavior. It examines how we use information about the situation, the person's disposition or personality, and other contextual factors to make these judgments.

Question 4

An individual's perception of reality can be substantially different from objective reality.

Accepted Answer

Perception is influenced by an individual's beliefs, experiences, and biases, which can lead them to interpret reality in a way that is different from the factual or objective reality.

Question 5

The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments is known as a(n) ________ bias.
A) distinction
B) omission
C) impact
D) anchoring
E) confirmation

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question is called Confirmation bias, which is the tendency to search for, interpret, and favor information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs while giving disproportionately less attention to information that contradicts those beliefs.

Question 6

Phyllis Stintson needs to decide whether to start a campaign against deforestation in Indonesia. Though her research team has provided substantial information on the high feasibility of the project, Stintson does not go ahead with the project. Stintson's decision is most likely influenced by which of the following if she made the decision by drawing unconscious references from several different experiences in the past?
A) framing effect
B) intuition
C) fundamental attribution error
D) optimization
E) anchoring bias

Accepted Answer

Stintson's decision-making process is described as drawing unconscious references from past experiences, which suggests an intuitive approach. Therefore, intuition is the most likely influence on her decision not to proceed with the campaign.

Question 7

Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She has strong networks with the ministry of environment and allies with several environmental organizations in the country. Over the years, she has gained substantial knowledge on the issue of climate change. However, recently when she was asked by her manager to prepare a consolidated report on a conference she attended on climate change, it reflected major loopholes and limited information from the conference. Which of the following, if true, substantiates that Johanna had an anchoring bias?
A) Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker.
B) Johanna has attended several conferences where the panel consisted of eminent scientists.
C) Johanna was shocked by the startling facts shown during the concluding session.
D) Johanna participated actively in the interactive session conducted at the end.
E) The speakers at the conference consisted of renowned environmental scientists and activists.

Accepted Answer

Anchoring bias occurs when an individual relies too heavily on an initial piece of information to make a decision or judgment. In this scenario, Johanna may have been biased by the first speaker's arguments, causing her to limit her focus on other information presented at the conference. Therefore, option A substantiates that Johanna had an anchoring bias. The other options do not provide sufficient information to suggest that Johanna had an anchoring bias.

Question 8

A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by a(n) ________ bias.
A) impact
B) hindsight
C) distinction
D) self-serving bias
E) availability

Accepted Answer

The manager's perception is affected by the availability bias, which involves giving more weight to information that is readily available or recent, rather than considering all relevant information equally.

Question 9

Which of the following types of biases is most likely to play a significant role during a negotiation?
A) status quo bias
B) anchoring bias
C) impact bias
D) distinction bias
E) normalcy bias

Accepted Answer

Anchoring bias is most likely to play a significant role during a negotiation as negotiators tend to fixate on the first offer or piece of information presented to them, and use it as a reference point for all subsequent negotiations. This bias can lead to an impasse and a failed negotiation if the first offer is too extreme.

Question 10

The ________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
A) self-serving
B) overconfidence
C) anchoring
D) availability
E) hindsight

Accepted Answer

The anchoring bias is a cognitive bias where individuals rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive when making subsequent judgments. They fail to adequately adjust their judgments based on new information, leading to a fixation on the original anchor.

Question 11

The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as a(n) ________ bias.
A) impact
B) anchoring
C) self-serving
D) confirmation
E) hindsight

Accepted Answer

The described bias is known as the hindsight bias, as individuals tend to overestimate their ability to predict an outcome once it has already occurred, leading to a false sense of certainty. Choices A, B, C, and D refer to different biases.

Question 12

People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true according to the social psychology theory of perception. People's behavior is based on their interpretation and beliefs of reality, which may not necessarily be completely accurate or objective.

Question 13

Which of the following is true of intuitive decision making?
A) It involves making decisions based on distilled experience.
B) It occurs within conscious thought.
C) It is devoid of emotions.
D) It is the most rational way of making decision.
E) It is a slow process of decision making.

Accepted Answer

Intuitive decision making involves making decisions based on distilled experience, rather than conscious analysis or deliberation. It often involves relying on gut feelings or instincts, and may be influenced by emotions. It is generally considered a quicker process than more deliberate forms of decision making. However, it is not necessarily the most rational way of making decisions as it can be influenced by biases and cognitive shortcuts.

Question 14

The perception of a target is unaffected by the perceiver's personality or past experiences.

Accepted Answer

The perceiver's personality and past experiences can greatly influence their perception of a target. Our past experiences and beliefs shape our expectations and biases, which can affect how we interpret and evaluate new information. Additionally, factors such as mood and current emotional state can also impact perception.

Question 15

Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders are known as ________.
A) change agents
B) free riders
C) whistle-blowers
D) early adopters
E) boundary spanners

Accepted Answer

The individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders are commonly known as whistle-blowers. They may do so by reporting to the media or legal authorities.

Question 16

________ bias refers to the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easily accessible.
A) Anchoring
B) Hindsight
C) Availability
D) Confirmation
E) Overconfidence

Accepted Answer

Availability bias refers to the tendency to rely on readily available information to make judgments, rather than seeking out more relevant but less accessible information. For example, if someone is trying to assess the risk of a certain activity, they may rely on recent news stories they have heard about accidents related to that activity, rather than seeking out statistics or expert opinions. This bias can lead to inaccurate assessments and poor decision making.

Question 17

Jeanne Edwards works as a campaign manager at Rainforest Alliance Trust, a forest protection organization in Indonesia. She is currently working on the Palm Oil Campaign which aims at establishing stringent laws against companies which aggravate deforestation to extract palm oil for commercial use. Her role is to establish allies with other forest protection organizations and companies which use eco-friendly products that set good examples for other companies to follow. Jeanne allied with Griffin and Powell, a large multinational company, which, unknown to Jeanne, also has strong ties with local logging groups in Jakarta. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Jeanne had an availability bias while establishing an ally with the company?
A) Rainforest Alliance Trust has strong networks with local environmental research organizations.
B) Jeanne is well acquainted with various research techniques.
C) Jeanne has access to environmental records maintained by the Information Ministry.
D) Griffin and Powell ensures that all their CSR initiatives on forests are regularly and substantially publicized.
E) Jeanne has adequate experience in leading such campaigns.

Accepted Answer

The fact that Griffin and Powell ensures that all their CSR initiatives on forests are regularly and substantially publicized suggests that Jeanne may have been influenced by the positive image the company portrays regarding environmental protection, rather than thoroughly researching their actual practices and ties with logging groups. This supports the argument that she had an availability bias while establishing an ally with the company. Choices A, B, C, and E are not related to the issue of availability bias and do not strengthen the argument.

Question 18

According to the concept of ________, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.
A) utilitarianism
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) halo effect
D) selective perception
E) contrast effect

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the question is utilitarianism, which focuses on maximizing the overall happiness or well-being of a group of people. The other options are not relevant to the concept described.

Question 19

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus and distinctiveness, we tend to consider it as an internally caused behavior.

Accepted Answer

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency, we tend to consider it as an internally caused behavior. High consensus means that others are also displaying the same behavior in the given situation, high distinctiveness means that the behavior is specific to that situation and not a general behavior of the person, and high consistency means that the behavior is frequently displayed in that situation.

Question 20

Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of creativity?
A) analytical skills
B) expertise
C) logical thinking skills
D) intuition
E) extrinsic task motivation

Accepted Answer

The three-component model of creativity includes expertise, creative thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation.

Quiz 6: Perception and Individual Decision Making

The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and ________.

________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.

Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior.

An individual's perception of reality can be substantially different from objective reality.

The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments is known as a(n) ________ bias.

A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by a(n) ________ bias.

Which of the following types of biases is most likely to play a significant role during a negotiation?

The ________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.

The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as a(n) ________ bias.

People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

Which of the following is true of intuitive decision making?

The perception of a target is unaffected by the perceiver's personality or past experiences.

Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders are known as ________.

________ bias refers to the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easily accessible.

According to the concept of ________, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus and distinctiveness, we tend to consider it as an internally caused behavior.

Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of creativity?