Question 1

According to Freud, the type of defense mechanisms that adults are likely to use is related to
A) whether or not they are in a stable, romantic relationship.
B) adequate resolution of the psychosexual stages of development.
C) the level of neurotic anxiety they experience.
D) their childhood experiences.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that defense mechanisms are developed in response to childhood experiences, particularly experiences of conflict and anxiety. As such, the types of defense mechanisms that adults are likely to use are related to their childhood experiences.

Question 2

According to Freud, the content of our dreams reveals
A) what has been on our mind when we are awake.
B) implicit punishments and rewards.
C) what is going on in our unconscious.
D) what we value the most about ourselves.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the content of our dreams reveals what is going on in our unconscious. Freud believed that our dreams were a way to access our unconscious thoughts and desires, which were often repressed during our waking life. Therefore, the content of our dreams can reveal hidden fears, desires, and conflicts that we may not be aware of consciously.

Question 3

Freud identified which defense mechanism as the cornerstone of psychoanalysis?
A) Sublimation
B) Dreaming
C) Repression
D) Denial

Accepted Answer

Freud viewed repression as the cornerstone of psychoanalysis because it involves pushing uncomfortable or threatening thoughts and memories out of our conscious awareness and into our unconscious. This defense mechanism is essential to understanding and resolving past traumas and conflicts.

Question 4

Your very good friend is a psychotherapist who adheres to the model of Sigmund Freud. As such, you can assume that she believes that the content of our dreams reveals
A) unacceptable ideas that are actually acceptable.
B) unconscious conflicts and desires.
C) anxieties with which we were born.
D) much useless information.

Accepted Answer

Freudian psychoanalytic theory posits that the content of our dreams is a reflection of unconscious conflicts and desires that we may not be aware of during our waking life. These desires can be repressed or censored by our conscious mind but may emerge through symbolism and metaphor in our dreams, according to Freudian theory.

Question 5

Which of the following findings challenges the Freudian interpretation of dreams?
A) People often dream during REM sleep, but they also dream during NREM sleep.
B) Newborn babies experience large amounts of REM sleep on a daily basis.
C) People deprived of REM sleep have difficulty with anxiety-provoking material.
D) People have longer periods of REM sleep as the night progresses.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that dreams were a form of wish fulfillment and symbols that reflected a person's unconscious desires and conflicts. However, newborn babies experience large amounts of REM sleep, but they do not have the cognitive or experiential ability to have deep unconscious desires or conflicts. This challenges the Freudian interpretation of dreams.

Question 6

Psychoanalytic researchers have used the results of studies on the frequencies of male and female dream characters to support which aspect of Freud's theory?
A) Repression
B) The Oedipus complex
C) Projection
D) The pleasure principle

Accepted Answer

The Oedipus complex is a concept in Freudian psychoanalysis that describes a child's feelings of desire for their opposite-sex parent and jealousy and rivalry with their same-sex parent. Studies on the frequencies of male and female dream characters have been used to support this aspect of Freud's theory, as dreams may reflect these unconscious desires and conflicts.

Question 7

Assessment of recurrent dreams finds that the content of such dreams usually includes ____________This is used to support the notion that dreams reflect conflicts that are rooted in the dreamer's unconscious.
A) threatening images
B) one's parents or siblings
C) sexual content
D) physical activity

Accepted Answer

Recurrent dreams often contain threatening images, such as being chased or attacked. This suggests that the dreamer is struggling with a particular conflict or fear that is not being resolved in their conscious life. This supports the idea that dreams reflect unconscious conflicts.

Question 8

Marcellus frequently has the same dream about being chased by his wife's first husband. In the dream, the man is angry at Marcellus, and screams "you stole her from me." He has this dream at least once or twice a month. Marcellus is having a ____________dream.
A) conscious
B) lucid
C) surreal
D) recurrent

Accepted Answer

Marcellus is experiencing a dream that repeats itself, so it is recurrent. The other options do not fit the description of his dream.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the cross-cultural findings when comparing the frequencies of male and female characters in dreams?
A) Although there are a few exceptions, the frequencies found in American samples tend to be found in other cultures as well.
B) American and European samples show different frequencies than non-Western samples.
C) Male characters tend to show up in dreams more frequently in male-dominated societies.
D) Although a consistent pattern is found in the results from different American samples, no clear pattern emerges when looking at studies using participants from other cultures.

Accepted Answer

Research has found that although there are a few exceptions, the frequencies of male and female characters found in American samples tend to be consistent with those found in other cultures as well. This suggests that there may be some universal factors that influence the representation of gender in dreams.

Question 10

Which of the following best summarizes research on the frequency of male and female characters in dreams?
A) Both men and women have more male than female characters in their dreams.
B) Men have more male than female characters in their dreams, whereas women have more female than male characters in their dreams.
C) Men have more female than male characters in their dreams, whereas women have more male than female characters in their dreams.
D) Men have more male than female characters in their dreams, but women have approximately equal numbers of male and female characters in their dreams.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best summarizes research...

Question 11

Which statement best summarizes what researchers have found about the changes in frequencies of male and female dream characters at different age levels?
A) The adult pattern of frequencies of dream characters does not emerge until the teenage years.
B) The pattern changes for males as they pass through the Oedipus complex.
C) The frequencies of male and female characters completely reverse for both males and females as they age from childhood to adulthood.
D) The pattern found in adult males and females is also found in samples of children of various ages.

Accepted Answer

Researchers have found that the pattern of frequencies of male and female dream characters found in adults is also observed in children of various ages, indicating that the pattern is already established in childhood and remains relatively stable throughout development. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the findings of the research.

Question 12

Researchers draw a distinction between defense mechanisms and coping strategies, in that defense mechanisms are____________ , whereas coping strategies are____________ .
A) negative? positive
B) ineffective? effective
C) innate? learned
D) unconscious? conscious

Accepted Answer

Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological mechanisms used to manage anxiety and protect the ego. Coping strategies, on the other hand, are conscious efforts made by individuals to manage and reduce stressors in their life. Therefore, defense mechanisms are unconscious and coping strategies are conscious.

Question 13

Some psychoanalytic researchers have argued that dreams represent unresolved conflicts. As evidence for this interpretation, they point to
A) how much more men sleep than women.
B) the results of sleep-deprivation studies.
C) the existence of recurrent dreams.
D) how much babies dream compared to adults.

Accepted Answer

The existence of recurrent dreams suggests that there may be unresolved conflicts or issues that are repeatedly represented in the dream state.

Question 14

Which of the following conclusions has been supported by the results of REM sleep research?
A) Depriving someone of REM sleep leads to severe psychological disturbances.
B) Dreaming does have psychological benefits, but a reduced amount of REM sleep is not necessary associated with serious psychological problems.
C) Greater than average amounts of REM sleep indicates psychological problems.
D) Without REM sleep, it is impossible to perform stressful tasks.

Accepted Answer

Research on REM sleep has shown that a reduced amount of REM sleep does not necessarily lead to serious psychological problems. However, it has been observed that dreaming does have some psychological benefits. Deprivation of REM sleep can cause some psychological disturbances, but it is not severe as suggested in option A. Option C is incorrect because greater than average amounts of REM sleep are not always indicative of psychological problems. Option D is also incorrect as it does not accurately reflect the findings of REM sleep research.

Question 15

In dream research, sleepers are sometimes awakened when____________ indicates they are probably dreaming.
A) a physiological measure
B) sleeptalking
C) the time of night
D) their body temperature

Accepted Answer

A physiological measure, such as rapid eye movement (REM) or brain wave activity, can indicate that a sleeper is dreaming. Therefore, if the sleeper is awakened during this stage, they are likely to have been dreaming.

Question 16

Some male participants in one study by Cramer (1998) gave threatening information about their masculinity and femininity. The investigator then asked the participants to tell stories about pictures in TAT cards. The investigator was studying
A) masculinity and femininity.
B) coping strategies.
C) aggression.
D) defense mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

The study described involves participants reacting to threats to their masculinity and femininity by telling stories about pictures, which is a method to explore how individuals defend their self-concept or identity. This approach is indicative of studying defense mechanisms, as it examines how people psychologically cope with or defend against threats to their self-esteem or self-identity.

Question 17

According to recent research findings, REM sleep appears to be necessary to
A) maintain one's mental health.
B) guard against serious psychological disturbances.
C) prepare us for dealing with anxiety-arousing events.
D) allow any consolidation of memories of events that take place during waking hours.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to recent research findings, REM sleep...

Question 18

Which of the following is true about REM sleep?
A) Most adults spend 1 ½ to 2 hour a night in REM, spread over several periods.
B) Adults spend most of their sleeping hours in REM sleep.
C) Muscles are more tense and active during REM sleep than non-REM sleep.
D) Only about half of all adults experience REM sleep.

Accepted Answer

Most adults spend 1 ½ to 2 hour a night in REM sleep, spread over several periods. This is the correct statement about REM sleep. Option B is incorrect as most of the sleeping hours are spent in non-REM sleep. Option C is incorrect as muscles are actually relaxed during REM sleep. Option D is incorrect as almost all adults experience REM sleep.

Question 19

People who are deprived of ____________may have more difficulty with stressful tasks than those who do not experience such deprivation.
A) Delta wave sleep
B) REM sleep
C) 9 to 10 nightly sleep hours
D) psychotherapy

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is crucial for emotional regulation and cognitive function, and deprivation can lead to increased stress and difficulty in handling stressful tasks.

Question 20

In one dream study, researchers compared the dreams of Palestinian children who lived in the Gaza Strip where they had experienced years of violence with children living in the more peaceful Galilee area. The findings from dream reports revealed that
A) children living under constant stress had fewer dreams.
B) the dreams of children living under constant stress included more threatening events.
C) those who received suggestions prior to sleep had more threatening events in their dreams regardless of living circumstances.
D) both a and b

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one dream study, researchers compared the...

Quiz 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research

According to Freud, the type of defense mechanisms that adults are likely to use is related to

According to Freud, the content of our dreams reveals

Freud identified which defense mechanism as the cornerstone of psychoanalysis?

Your very good friend is a psychotherapist who adheres to the model of Sigmund Freud. As such, you can assume that she believes that the content of our dreams reveals

Which of the following findings challenges the Freudian interpretation of dreams?

Psychoanalytic researchers have used the results of studies on the frequencies of male and female dream characters to support which aspect of Freud's theory?

Assessment of recurrent dreams finds that the content of such dreams usually includes ____________This is used to support the notion that dreams reflect conflicts that are rooted in the dreamer's unconscious.

Marcellus frequently has the same dream about being chased by his wife's first husband. In the dream, the man is angry at Marcellus, and screams "you stole her from me." He has this dream at least once or twice a month. Marcellus is having a ____________dream.

Which of the following best describes the cross-cultural findings when comparing the frequencies of male and female characters in dreams?

Which of the following best summarizes research on the frequency of male and female characters in dreams?

Which statement best summarizes what researchers have found about the changes in frequencies of male and female dream characters at different age levels?

Researchers draw a distinction between defense mechanisms and coping strategies, in that defense mechanisms are , whereas coping strategies are .

Some psychoanalytic researchers have argued that dreams represent unresolved conflicts. As evidence for this interpretation, they point to

Which of the following conclusions has been supported by the results of REM sleep research?

In dream research, sleepers are sometimes awakened when____________ indicates they are probably dreaming.

Some male participants in one study by Cramer (1998) gave threatening information about their masculinity and femininity. The investigator then asked the participants to tell stories about pictures in TAT cards. The investigator was studying

According to recent research findings, REM sleep appears to be necessary to

Which of the following is true about REM sleep?

People who are deprived of ____________may have more difficulty with stressful tasks than those who do not experience such deprivation.

In one dream study, researchers compared the dreams of Palestinian children who lived in the Gaza Strip where they had experienced years of violence with children living in the more peaceful Galilee area. The findings from dream reports revealed that