Question 1

Which substance is released into the bloodstream when the serum glucose level falls?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon is released into the bloodstream when serum glucose levels fall. Glucagon prompts the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream, which raises the blood glucose level. Cortisol and aldosterone are hormones involved in the stress response and maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, respectively. Insulin is released when serum glucose levels rise and promotes the storage of glucose in cells.

Question 2

One function of insulin is to assist in converting glucose to which substance that is then stored in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Insulin helps to convert glucose to glycogen, which is then stored in the liver for later use as an energy source.

Question 3

A client who has adrenal insufficiency would exhibit which of the following abnormal laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal insufficiency can lead to decreased production of aldosterone, which is responsible for maintaining electrolyte balance in the body. This can result in hyperkalemia, or high levels of potassium in the blood. Hypervolemia (B) refers to an excess of fluid in the blood, which is not typically seen in adrenal insufficiency. Alkalosis (C) refers to a high pH level in the blood, which is not directly related to adrenal insufficiency. Overhydration (D) is also not a typical finding in adrenal insufficiency.

Question 4

Thyroid hormone

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone can significantly affect the quality of life by influencing metabolism, energy levels, and overall well-being.

Question 5

A client who develops tetany as a result of hypoparathyroidism would respond to administration of which of the following substances?

Accepted Answer

Hypoparathyroidism results in low levels of parathyroid hormone which leads to low calcium levels. Tetany is a symptom of low calcium levels. Therefore, administration of calcium would alleviate the symptoms of tetany. Iron, magnesium, and chloride are not related to hypoparathyroidism or tetany.

Question 6

A client reports increasing listlessness,weight gain,and an intolerance to cold.This client could be experiencing which of the following endocrine imbalances?

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described suggest hypothyroidism, which is a result of hypofunction of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland releases hormones that regulate metabolism, and a decrease in thyroid hormone production can lead to weight gain, lethargy, and sensitivity to cold. Hypofunction of the adrenal gland (A) can result in fatigue, weakness, and weight loss, while hyperfunction of the parathyroid gland (B) can lead to hypercalcemia, which can result in muscle weakness and fatigue. Hyperfunction of the pituitary gland (D) can result in excess hormone secretion and can lead to various imbalances, but the symptoms described do not suggest this particular condition.

Question 7

Exophthalmus is a key feature of which endocrine disorder?

Accepted Answer

Exophthalmus, or bulging eyes, is a key feature of hyperthyroidism, specifically Graves' disease. It is caused by inflammation and swelling of the tissues behind the eyes.

Question 8

Clients with hypoparathyroidism often exhibit which of the following manifestations?

Accepted Answer

Hypoparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid gland produces insufficient amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to low levels of calcium in the blood. Low calcium levels can cause muscle twitching, cramping, and spasms, collectively known as tetany.

Question 9

A child with cretinism has a hypofunction of which of the following glands?

Accepted Answer

Cretinism is caused by a hypofunction of the thyroid gland, which leads to a deficiency of thyroid hormones. Pituitary, adrenal, and parathyroid glands do not play a major role in the development of cretinism.

Question 10

A client with a goiter has a deficiency in which of the following minerals in the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, usually resulting from a deficiency in iodine, an essential mineral required for the production of thyroid hormones. Zinc, copper, and manganese are not directly involved in thyroid hormone synthesis or function.

Question 11

An abnormality with which of the following posterior pituitary hormones could lead to water imbalance in a client?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is responsible for regulating water balance in the body by controlling the permeability of the renal collecting ducts. An abnormality with ADH secretion could lead to water imbalance, resulting in conditions such as diabetes insipidus or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid hormone secretion, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates cortisol secretion from the adrenal gland, and luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates sex hormone secretion in both males and females, but none of these hormones are directly involved in water balance regulation.

Question 12

Which of the following is the most severe form of hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Myxedema is the most severe form of hypothyroidism, in which the body's metabolic processes slow down significantly. It can result in a range of symptoms, including extreme fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, and mental fogginess. If left untreated, myxedema can progress to a life-threatening condition known as myxedema coma. Graves' disease is a form of hyperthyroidism, while Hashimoto's disease and goiter are both forms of hypothyroidism but are not as severe as myxedema.

Question 13

One of the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland is

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin is one of the two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland, the other being antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Oxytocin is involved in labor and lactation in females, and has also been shown to play a role in social bonding and trust.

Question 14

Which of the following substances is produced by the body in response to salt depletion?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland in response to low blood volume and low blood pressure, which can occur when the body is depleted of salt. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to retain salt and excrete potassium, helping to increase blood volume and blood pressure. Cortisol is a stress hormone produced by the adrenal gland, not specifically in response to salt depletion. Parathyroid hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands and regulates calcium and phosphorus levels, not salt levels. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and regulates glucose levels, not salt levels.

Question 15

Prolonged iodine deficiency in the diet results in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged iodine deficiency in the diet results in the enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is referred to as a goiter. Cretinism is a severe form of hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency during pregnancy and early infancy. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by high blood sugar levels. Addison's disease is a rare condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of certain hormones.

Quiz 45: Overview of the Endocrine System