What Is a Distinguishing Characteristic of Dual Federalism in Contrast

What is a distinguishing characteristic of dual federalism in contrast to cooperative federalism, and what is an example of a policy area that relies on dual federalism in the U.S.?

A) Dual federalism relies on multiple branches of the federal government to enact laws and enforce laws. Dual federalism is represented in the U.S. by the relationship between the legislative and executive branches.
B) Dual federalism separates sovereignty between national and subunit governments, and the two levels of government operate largely independent of each other. This is exemplified in the U.S. by immigration policy where the federal government has jurisdiction over gun control policy and state laws regarding gun control must conform to national standards.
C) Dual federalism separates sovereignty between national and subunit governments, the two levels of government operate largely independent of each other. This is exemplified by education policy where the federal government has jurisdiction and states must conform to national law.
D) Dual federalism relies on multiple branches of the federal government to enact laws and uphold laws. This is represented in the U.S. by the relationship between the legislative and judicial branches.
E) Dual federalism is where state and national governments are active in all spheres, working together in nearly all policy areas. This is exemplified in the U.S. by Medicare policy where federal and state funding combine forces to provide healthcare for elderly citizens.