Question 1

The U.S.Supreme Court held that due process of law required appointment of counsel for young,inexperienced,illiterate,and indigent defendants in capital cases in:

Accepted Answer

Powell v. Alabama established the right to counsel for indigent defendants in death penalty cases. Gideon v. Wainwright extended this right to all felony cases. Johnson v. Zerbst established the right to counsel for all defendants in federal criminal cases. Mempa v. Rhay concerned the right to counsel at probation revocation hearings.

Question 2

The U.S.Supreme Court held that defendants are entitled to effective assistance of counsel in:

Accepted Answer

Strickland v. Washington (1984) established the standard for ineffective assistance of counsel and stated that defendants are entitled to effective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

Question 3

The U.S.Supreme Court held that the exclusion of all African Americans from jury service deprived African American defendants of their right to equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment in:

Accepted Answer

Norris v. State of Alabama (1935) held that the exclusion of all African Americans from jury service in the case of a black defendant deprived him of his right to equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court ruled that the systematic exclusion of African Americans from jury service violated the defendant's right to an impartial jury and remanded his case for a new trial.

Question 4

The second bail reform movement occurred during the:

Accepted Answer

The second bail reform movement occurred during the 1970s, in response to concerns about the unfairness of bail practices and the negative effects of pretrial detention on defendants. This led to reforms such as the implementation of risk assessment tools to help judges make more informed decisions about whether to release defendants on bail, and the use of non-financial conditions of release as an alternative to cash bail.

Question 5

The U.S.Supreme Court applied the right to counsel at all critical stages in the criminal justice process,not just at trial,in:

Accepted Answer

Mempa v. Rhay (1967) extended the right to counsel to all critical stages of the criminal justice process, not just at trial, emphasizing the importance of legal representation during crucial phases such as sentencing.

Question 6

The right to counsel in all criminal prosecutions is established in the __________ Amendment to the U.S.Constitution.

Accepted Answer

The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right to counsel in all criminal prosecutions. This includes the right to have an attorney present during any questioning by law enforcement or during a trial. The other amendments listed (Fourth, Fifth, Eighth) also contain important protections related to criminal justice, but do not specifically guarantee the right to counsel.

Question 7

In 1951 there were only _ public defender organizations in the US.

Accepted Answer

According to the sentence, there were only a specific number of public defender organizations in the US in 1951. The best choice is C, as it states the specific number of 7 organizations. The other options do not align with the information given in the sentence.

Question 8

The U.S.Supreme Court extended to the states the requirement to appoint for all indigent defendants in:

Accepted Answer

In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the U.S. Supreme Court extended to the states the requirement to appoint counsel for all indigent defendants. This decision held that the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of counsel is a fundamental right that applies to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 9

The emphasis of bail reform efforts in the 1970s was:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The emphasis of bail reform efforts in...

Question 10

The U.S.Supreme Court held that federal criminal procedure rules regarding discovery do not require release of documents needed to make a selective prosecution claim in:

Accepted Answer

In U.S. v. Armstrong et al. (1996), the Supreme Court held that federal criminal procedure rules do not require the release of documents needed to make a selective prosecution claim. This case dealt specifically with a request for discovery of documents related to selective prosecution, and the Court determined that such documents were not subject to automatic discovery.

Question 11

The strongest predictor of the outcome of a bail decision is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The strongest predictor of the outcome of...

Question 12

The U.S.Supreme Court required the appointment of counsel for all indigent defendants in federal criminal cases in:

Accepted Answer

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) was the case where the U.S. Supreme Court held that indigent defendants in federal criminal cases have the right to have counsel appointed for them.

Question 13

In most states,__________ felony cases are dismissed by the prosecutor prior to a determination of guilt or innocence.

Accepted Answer

According to various studies and sources, approximately one-third to one-half of all felony cases are dismissed by prosecutors before a final determination of guilt or innocence. This can happen for various reasons such as lack of evidence, witness credibility issues, or plea deals.

Question 14

The __________ found that the majority of defendants released on their own recognizance did appear for trial.

Accepted Answer

The Manhattan Bail Project conducted a study which found that the majority of defendants released on their own recognizance did appear for trial. Option A (Congressional Bail Commission), Option C (American Civil Liberties Union), and Option D (Kerner Commission) did not specifically conduct research on the appearance rates of defendants released on their own recognizance.

Question 15

The U.S.Supreme Court held that the decision to prosecute may not be deliberately based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race,religion,or other arbitrary classification in:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The U.S.Supreme Court held that the decision...

Question 16

The first bail reform movement occurred during the:

Accepted Answer

The first significant bail reform movement in the United States occurred during the 1960s, aiming to address the inequities in the bail system and ensure that pretrial detention was used more judiciously.

Question 17

The U.S.Supreme Court upheld legislation authorizing preventive detention of dangerous defendants in:

Accepted Answer

The case of United States v. Salerno (1987) dealt specifically with the constitutionality of a provision in the Bail Reform Act of 1984 that allowed for the preventive detention of potentially dangerous defendants without bail. The Supreme Court ultimately upheld the provision, ruling that it did not violate due process or the presumption of innocence.

Question 18

The emphasis of bail reform efforts in the 1960s was:

Accepted Answer

The emphasis of bail reform efforts in the 1960s was the reduction of pretrial detention, particularly for nonviolent defendants who could not afford bail. The goal was to ensure that individuals were not being held in jail simply because they could not afford to pay bail, which disproportionately affected the poor. While there was concern about racial and ethnic bias in the criminal justice system, this was not the primary emphasis of bail reform efforts in the 1960s. Preventive detention, or holding individuals without bail because they were deemed dangerous, was actually seen as problematic and was not generally supported in the context of bail reform efforts during this time period.

Question 19

Repeated studies consistently show that pretrial detention has __________ on other case processing decisions.

Accepted Answer

Pretrial detention often influences other case processing decisions, such as plea bargaining and sentencing, due to its impact on the defendant's ability to prepare a defense and the perception of guilt.

Question 20

The U.S.Supreme Court barred imprisonment of a person for any offense unless they are represented by counsel in:

Accepted Answer

Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972) established that any person facing imprisonment for any offense, no matter how minor, is entitled to the assistance of counsel. This decision extended the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, which previously only applied to capital cases, to all criminal defendants facing imprisonment.

Quiz 5: The Courts: a Quest for Justice During the Pretrial Process