Question 1

When Hutu militia began to slaughter the Tutsi in 1994, missionary Carl Wilkens risked his own life to save the lives of others. His actions best illustrated

Accepted Answer

Carl Wilkens' actions best illustrate altruism, which is the selfless concern for the well-being of others. He risked his own life to save others during the genocide, without expecting any personal gain or benefit.

Question 2

Research studies indicate that in an emergency situation, the presence of others often

Accepted Answer

Research studies indicate that in an emergency situation, the presence of others often leads to all of these behaviors. The presence of others can lead to the diffusion of responsibility, where individuals assume that someone else will take charge and assist, thus preventing people from assuming responsibility for assisting. Additionally, the presence of others can lead to social influence, where individuals look to those around them for cues on how to behave, which can prevent people from interpreting an unusual event as an emergency. Finally, the presence of others can also lead to pluralistic ignorance, where individuals look to others to see how they are reacting, and the lack of a reaction can lead individuals to believe that there is no emergency, thus preventing people from even noticing the situation.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes how GRIT works?

Accepted Answer

GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction) involves a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts to reduce tension and conflict between parties.

Question 4

Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the other country's actions as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the question best illustrates mirror-image perceptions, which refers to the tendency of each group in a conflict to see itself as moral and just and the other group as evil and hostile. In this situation, both countries are admitting to a military buildup, which suggests that they perceive each other as a potential threat. However, each country sees the other's actions as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions, indicating that their perceptions of each other are distorted and reflective of mirror images.

Question 5

The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

The situation described in the question illustrates the impact of superordinate goals. This refers to goals that require cooperation between groups who may have conflicts, with the aim of achieving a mutually beneficial outcome. In this case, the threat of the river flooding the town required both racial subgroups to work together, resulting in a reduction in hostility between them.

Question 6

After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies being promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some, even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of

Accepted Answer

The reciprocity norm refers to our tendency to feel obligated to repay others who have done something for us. In this case, Mrs. Chanski felt obligated to buy the expensive cookies after sampling them for free, because of the norm of reciprocity.

Question 7

Which of the following is associated with an increased tendency on the part of a bystander to offer help in an emergency situation?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that bystanders are more likely to offer help in emergency situations when they are in a good mood. This is known as the "feel-good, do-good" phenomenon.

Question 8

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to intervene in an emergency situation when other people are present. Mr. Hughes continued walking along the beach because he assumed that someone else would help the swimmer. This is an example of the bystander effect.

Question 9

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect refers to the phenomenon where we tend to develop a preference for things simply because we are familiar with them. In the context of grocery shopping, this means that shoppers are more likely to choose products with brand names that they recognize and have seen before, even if they don't have any particular reason to prefer those products over others.

Question 10

The deep affection that is felt in long-lasting relationships is called ________ love; this feeling is fostered in relationships in which________.

Accepted Answer

The deep affection felt in long-lasting relationships is called companionate love. This feeling is fostered in relationships where there is equity between the partners. Choice A is incorrect because passionate love is characterized by intense emotions and sexual attraction, not long-lasting affection. Choice B is incorrect because maintaining traditional roles does not necessarily lead to deep affection. Choice D is incorrect because traditional roles do not have a direct connection to companionate love.

Question 11

Max fails to recycle his glass, metal, and plastic garbage because he thinks it's personally inconvenient and likely to have minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of

Accepted Answer

Max's failure to recycle illustrates a social trap, which occurs when individuals pursue their personal interests and, as a result, collectively create negative outcomes. In this case, Max's belief that his individual contribution will have little impact on the larger issue of overflowing landfills only contributes to the problem. This is a common example of a social trap, where individuals choose not to cooperate in a group effort because they believe it is not personally beneficial, even though this decision leads to negative outcomes for everyone involved.

Question 12

Which of the following factors is the most powerful predictor of friendship?

Accepted Answer

Physical proximity is the most powerful predictor of friendship as people tend to become friends with those who are nearby and easy to interact with regularly. While age, background, and physical attractiveness may contribute to initial attraction or connection, proximity is the strongest determinant of whether a friendship will develop and be sustained.

Question 13

Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love?

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory suggests that physiological arousal from one situation can be attributed to another situation and enhance emotions experienced in that situation. In the context of love, the physiological arousal from a frightening event can be attributed to passionate feelings towards a romantic partner, thus increasing the intensity of those emotions.

Question 14

Initiating one or more small conciliatory acts is a central feature of

Accepted Answer

GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction) involves initiating small conciliatory acts as a way of reducing tension and promoting cooperation in conflict situations. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. The just-world phenomenon relates to the belief that people get what they deserve, social facilitation refers to the impact of the presence of others on individual performance, and the mere exposure effect describes the phenomenon where familiarity with a stimulus leads to a preference for it. None of these options involve the concept of initiating conciliatory acts.

Question 15

Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of

Accepted Answer

The situation described in the question where both partners are satisfied because they feel they are benefiting in proportion to what they are putting into the relationship is an example of equity. Equity is the idea that people are motivated to maintain a sense of fairness in their relationships, and will be satisfied as long as they believe their outcomes are proportional to their inputs, relative to the outcomes and inputs of their partner.

Question 16

The mere exposure effect demonstrates that

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect demonstrates that the more we are exposed to something, the more we tend to like and prefer it. Therefore, familiarity breeds fondness.

Question 17

Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most likely to become friends with

Accepted Answer

Vince is most likely to become friends with Bill, his assigned roommate, due to the proximity and frequent interactions that living together in the same room would naturally facilitate.

Question 18

In one experiment, college men were physically aroused and then introduced to an attractive woman. Compared with men who had not been aroused, these men

Accepted Answer

The experiment suggests that physically aroused men reported more positive feelings toward the woman compared to men who had not been aroused.

Question 19

Increasing the number of people who are present during an emergency tends to

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as the "bystander effect," where the presence of more people leads to a diffusion of responsibility, making individuals less likely to help.

Question 20

Most people prefer mirror-image photographs of their faces. This is best explained by

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect states that people tend to develop a preference for things that are familiar to them, including their own mirror-image photographs. Thus, most people prefer mirror-image photographs of their faces.

Quiz 46: Prosocial Relations