Which of the Following Is an Anti-Predator Defense Mechanism

Which of the following is an anti-predator defense mechanism?

A) Plant chemicals, including coffee and tea caffeine, make caterpillars sick or jittery.
B) The large eyespots on a moth's wing are exposed abruptly to startle a hungry bird.
C) Many trees, vines, and shrubs have stems lines with long thorns.
D) Prairie dog towns always have several prairie "watchdogs" to alert them of approaching hawks and snakes.
E) All of the answer choices describe anti-predator defense mechanisms.