Question 1

If in test marketing a new product,the researcher ensures that the product is positioned in the correct aisle in each store and obtains the right level of store acceptance and all commodity volume distribution,more than likely,the researcher used ________ to help control for extraneous variables.
A)design control
B)statistical control
C)randomization
D)matching

Accepted Answer

Design control involves carefully designing the experiment, including selecting specific stores and ensuring the product is positioned correctly, in order to control for extraneous variables. Statistical control involves using statistical techniques to control for extraneous variables, which may not be applicable in this specific scenario. Randomization involves randomly assigning participants to different groups in an experiment, which is also not applicable in this scenario. Matching involves matching participants based on specific characteristics to ensure groups are equivalent, which is not relevant in this scenario. Therefore, the best answer is A) Design control.

Question 2

________ refers to an effect of testing occurring when a prior observation affects a latter observation.
A)Mortality
B)Interactive testing effect
C)Maturation
D)Main testing effect

Accepted Answer

The main testing effect occurs when a prior observation affects a later observation, influencing the results of a study.

Question 3

________ is a determination of whether the cause-and-effect relationships found in the experiment can be generalized.Can the results be generalized beyond the experimental situation and if so,to what populations,settings,times,independent variables and dependent variables can the results be projected?
A)External validity
B)Extraneous validity
C)Internal validity
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized beyond the particular setting and sample used in the study. It considers whether the results would hold true for other populations, settings, times, independent variables, and dependent variables.

Question 4

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to changes in the test units themselves that occur with the passage of time.
A)Mortality
B)Interactive testing effect
C)Maturation
D)Main testing effect

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to natural changes that occur in individuals over time, such as physical or cognitive development, that could affect the outcomes of a study. This extraneous variable is not caused by the experimental manipulation or treatment, but rather the passage of time itself.

Question 5

All of the following statements are true about external validity except ________.
A)threats to external validity arise when the specific experimental conditions do not realistically take into account the interactions of other relevant variables in the real world.
B)external validity is the basic minimum that must be present in an experiment before any conclusion about treatment effects can be made
C)factors that threaten internal validity may also threaten external validity,the most serious of these being extraneous variables.
D)A and C are true

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following statements are true...

Question 6

Pretest-posttest control group and Solomon four-group designs are ________ distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.
A)quasi-experimental designs
B)true experimental designs
C)statistical designs
D)preexperimental designs

Accepted Answer

Pretest-posttest control group and Solomon four-group designs are both true experimental designs because they involve random assignment of test units to experimental groups and treatments to those groups. Quasi-experimental designs do not involve random assignment, statistical designs refer to the use of statistical tools in data analysis, and preexperimental designs lack random assignment to either experimental or control groups.

Question 7

________ refers to an extraneous variable involving changes in the measuring instrument or in the observers or scores themselves.
A)Instrumentation
B)Statistical regression
C)Selection bias
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Instrumentation refers to the possibility of changes in the measuring instrument or observers themselves that could affect the results of a study. This can lead to inconsistency in the results, making it an extraneous variable to be controlled. Statistical regression and selection bias are other types of extraneous variables or biases that can affect the results of a study.

Question 8

________ involves measuring the extraneous variables and adjusting for their effects through statistical analysis.
A)Design control
B)Statistical control
C)Randomization
D)Matching

Accepted Answer

Statistical control involves measuring extraneous variables and adjusting for their effects through statistical analysis. Design control refers to manipulating the independent variable to control for the effects of extraneous variables. Randomization involves randomly assigning participants to groups to control for extraneous variables. Matching involves selecting participants who are similar on important characteristics to control for extraneous variables.

Question 9

________ result when the researcher is unable to achieve full manipulation of scheduling or allocation of treatments to test units but can still apply part of the apparatus of true experimentation.
A)Quasi-experimental designs
B)True experimental designs
C)Statistical designs
D)Preexperimental designs

Accepted Answer

When the researcher is unable to achieve full manipulation of scheduling or allocation of treatments, a quasi-experimental design can be used. Quasi-experimental designs allow for some of the apparatus of true experimentation, such as controls and pre- and post-test measurements, but do not have full control over the allocation of treatments. True experimental designs (B) require full control over the allocation of treatments. Statistical designs (C) may refer to the use of a particular statistical test or analysis, rather than the overall design of the study. Preexperimental designs (D) are less rigorous designs that do not include controls or have limited control over the allocation of treatments.

Question 10

________ allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.
A)Quasi-experimental designs
B)True experimental designs
C)Statistical designs
D)Preexperimental designs

Accepted Answer

Statistical designs specifically focus on controlling and analyzing external variables through statistical methods.

Question 11

________ is a measure of accuracy of an experiment.It measures whether the manipulation of the independent variables,or treatments,actually caused the effects on the dependent variable(s).
A)External validity
B)Extraneous validity
C)Internal validity
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It is important to check for internal validity to ensure that the results of the study are accurate and dependable. External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations or settings, while extraneous validity refers to controlling for other variables that may affect the results of the study but are not of interest to the researcher.

Question 12

The one-group pretest-posttest is a type of ________.These designs do not control for extraneous factors by randomization.
A)quasi-experimental design
B)true experimental design
C)statistical design
D)preexperimental design

Accepted Answer

The one-group pretest-posttest design is a type of preexperimental design, which lacks randomization and control over extraneous variables.

Question 13

The one-group pretest-posttest design may be symbolized as O₁X₂ O_2. In this design,a group of test units is measured ________. A)once B)twice C)not at all D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

In the one-group pretest-posttest design, the group of test units is measured once before the treatment (pretest) and then again after the treatment (posttest). Therefore, they are measured twice.

Question 14

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions.
A)Instrumentation
B)Statistical regression
C)Selection bias
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Selection bias refers to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions, leading to extraneous variables that can affect the results of the study. Instrumentation refers to changes in the measurement instrument or observation technique that can affect the results, while statistical regression refers to the tendency for extreme values to move closer to the mean in subsequent measurement periods. None of these options fully capture the concept described in the question.

Question 15

If the experimental design called for the respondents to be randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups and for one of three versions of a test commercial to be randomly administered to each group,this design would be using ________.
A)design control
B)statistical control
C)randomization
D)matching

Accepted Answer

The design is using randomization to ensure that the respondents are assigned to the experimental groups and versions of the test commercial randomly. Randomization helps to eliminate any bias or pre-existing differences between the groups that could affect the results of the experiment. Design control refers to maintaining consistency in the experiment's design, while statistical control involves controlling for extraneous variables that could affect the results. Matching involves selecting participants who are similar to one another on key characteristics before assigning them to the groups.

Question 16

Which experimental design means that two groups of test units were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups at the same time,and the dependent variable was measured in the two groups simultaneously? A)R X₁O₁ R X₂ O₂ B)R X₁ O₁ O₂X₂ O₂ C)X O₁ O₂ X O₁ O₂ D)R X₁ O₁ R X₁ O₁

Accepted Answer

In option A, "R" indicates random assignment, and the two groups receive different treatments (X1 and X2) with simultaneous measurement of the dependent variable (O1 and O2).

Question 17

________ refers to an extraneous variable that occurs when test units with extreme scores move closer to the average score during the course of the experiment.
A)Instrumentation
B)Statistical regression
C)Selection bias
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Statistical regression refers to the phenomenon where test units with extreme scores move closer to the average score during the course of the experiment. This can happen due to natural fluctuations in the data and not necessarily due to any treatment effect. It is important for researchers to be aware of this when interpreting their results.

Question 18

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to the loss of test units while the experiment is in progress.
A)Mortality
B)Interactive testing effect
C)Maturation
D)Main testing effect

Accepted Answer

Mortality refers to the loss of test units during an experiment, which can affect the validity of the results because the remaining sample may no longer be representative of the original population. This loss of test units can be due to various reasons, such as dropouts or illnesses, and can introduce extraneous variables that affect the outcome of the experiment.

Question 19

________ refers to an effect in which a prior measurement affects the test unit's response to the independent variable.
A)Mortality
B)Interactive testing effect
C)Maturation
D)Main testing effect

Accepted Answer

The interactive testing effect refers to the effect of a previous test or measurement on a test unit's response to the independent variable in a subsequent test or measurement. This can often result in an inflated or deflated effect of the independent variable. Mortality refers to the loss of test units due to attrition or death during a study. Maturation refers to changes in the test units as they naturally develop over time, which can also affect their response to the independent variable. The main testing effect is not a commonly recognized term in research methods.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of the one-shot case study preexperimental design (X O₁)? A)It does not provide a basis of comparing the level of O₁ to what would happen when X was absent. B)There is no random assignment of test units. C)Both A and B are correct. D)In this design,a group of test units is measured twice.

Accepted Answer

The one-shot case study preexperimental design (X O₁) does not have a control group or random assignment of test units. Therefore, it does not provide a basis for comparing the level of O₁ to what would happen when X was absent. Additionally, in this design, a group of test units is only measured once, which limits the ability to draw conclusions about causality.

Quiz 7: Causal Research Design: Experimentation

If in test marketing a new product,the researcher ensures that the product is positioned in the correct aisle in each store and obtains the right level of store acceptance and all commodity volume distribution,more than likely,the researcher used ________ to help control for extraneous variables.

________ refers to an effect of testing occurring when a prior observation affects a latter observation.

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to changes in the test units themselves that occur with the passage of time.

All of the following statements are true about external validity except ________.

Pretest-posttest control group and Solomon four-group designs are ________ distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.

________ refers to an extraneous variable involving changes in the measuring instrument or in the observers or scores themselves.

________ involves measuring the extraneous variables and adjusting for their effects through statistical analysis.

________ result when the researcher is unable to achieve full manipulation of scheduling or allocation of treatments to test units but can still apply part of the apparatus of true experimentation.

________ allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.

________ is a measure of accuracy of an experiment.It measures whether the manipulation of the independent variables,or treatments,actually caused the effects on the dependent variable(s) .

The one-group pretest-posttest is a type of ________.These designs do not control for extraneous factors by randomization.

The one-group pretest-posttest design may be symbolized as O₁X₂ O_2. In this design,a group of test units is measured ________.

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions.

If the experimental design called for the respondents to be randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups and for one of three versions of a test commercial to be randomly administered to each group,this design would be using ________.

Which experimental design means that two groups of test units were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups at the same time,and the dependent variable was measured in the two groups simultaneously?

________ refers to an extraneous variable that occurs when test units with extreme scores move closer to the average score during the course of the experiment.

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to the loss of test units while the experiment is in progress.

________ refers to an effect in which a prior measurement affects the test unit's response to the independent variable.

Which of the following is true of the one-shot case study preexperimental design (X O₁) ?