Question 1

Which of these statements is true about panels?

Accepted Answer

All of the statements are correct. Panels can collect relatively large amounts of data, panel data can be more accurate as it tracks changes in the same individuals over time, and panels may not always be representative as participants may drop out or refuse to participate.

Question 2

________ are errors that can be attributed to sources other than sampling,and they can be random or nonrandom.

Accepted Answer

Non-sampling errors can occur due to factors such as inaccurate survey design, data processing errors, inadequate questions, misunderstandings by respondents, or biases introduced by the research staff. They can be random or nonrandom and are not related to the sampling itself. Options A, B, and D are types of sampling errors.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about cohort analysis?

Accepted Answer

All of the statements are true about cohort analysis. Option A defines what a cohort is, Option B acknowledges the possibility of sample attrition, Option C is a broad definition of what cohort analysis encompasses. Therefore, option D, "All are correct," is the best choice.

Question 4

All of the following are advantages of longitudinal designs over cross-sectional designs (Table 3.4 in the text)except ________.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal designs may not necessarily have representative sampling as they follow the same group of participants over time, rather than sampling different groups at each time point. However, they do offer advantages in detecting change, accuracy, and collecting a large amount of data.

Question 5

A major advantage of ________ over the cross-sectional design is the ability to detect change as a result of repeated measurement of the same variables on the same sample.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal design involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period of time, making it possible to observe changes and measure the direction and magnitude of those changes. In contrast, cross-sectional designs measure data at a single point in time, making it difficult to determine whether changes have occurred. Therefore, longitudinal design is better suited to detecting change over time.

Question 6

Single cross-sectional designs are also called ________.

Accepted Answer

Single cross-sectional designs are also called sample survey research designs. This type of research design involves collecting data from a single group of participants at a single point in time. It is commonly used in market research, public opinion polling, and other types of survey research.

Question 7

________ is a type of research design involving a fixed sample of population elements that is measured repeatedly.The sample remains the same over time thus providing a series of pictures which,when viewed together,portray a vivid illustration of the situation and the changes that are taking place over time.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal research design involves repeating measurements of the same sample over time, providing a series of snapshots that illustrate changes over time. A fixed sample is used, and the same individuals are observed or tested repeatedly.

Question 8

________ is the error due to the particular sample selected being an imperfect representation of the population of interest.It may be defined as the variation between the true mean value for the sample and the true mean value of the population.

Accepted Answer

Random sampling error arises due to chance and refers to the variation between the sample mean and population mean. It occurs when the sample selected is not entirely representative of the population of interest. Non-response error occurs when some individuals chosen for the sample do not participate, which will lead to bias in the sample. Non-sampling error is a broader term that encompasses all other errors, such as measurement error or processing error. Lastly, response error occurs when respondents do not provide accurate or truthful answers to survey questions.

Question 9

When trying to determine which research design is best to choose,it is best to begin with exploratory research if the objective of the research is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Exploratory research is best to use when the objective of the research is to define the problem more precisely. The other options listed do not fit the purpose of exploratory research. Testing hypotheses would require a more focused research design, conducting an annual customer satisfaction survey is likely a form of descriptive research, and quantifying the relative salience of social causes may require a more quantitative research design.

Question 10

________ designs involve the collection of information from any given sample of population elements only once.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional designs are used to collect information from a sample of population elements at a single point in time. This type of design does not involve multiple measurements or data collection over an extended period. Exploratory designs are used to gain insight and understanding about a topic, while causal designs are used to determine cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, C is the correct answer.

Question 11

________ is a cross-sectional design in which there are two or more samples of respondents and information is obtained from each sample only once.

Accepted Answer

The description given in the question matches the definition of a multiple cross-sectional design, which involves taking samples from different groups at one point in time rather than following them over a period of time.

Question 12

________ is a multiple cross-sectional design consisting of a series of surveys conducted at appropriate time intervals,where the cohort serves as the basic unit of analysis.

Accepted Answer

The description given in the question is of a cohort analysis, where a group of people (cohort) is surveyed at different points in time to analyze changes or trends in their behavior or attitudes. A multiple cross-sectional design involves conducting surveys at one point in time with different groups, whereas a single cross-sectional design involves surveying one group at one point in time.

Question 13

________ refers to a sample of respondents who have agreed to provide information at specified intervals over an extended period.

Accepted Answer

A panel refers to a group of individuals who have agreed to participate in surveys or studies for an extended period, providing information at specified intervals. This allows for longitudinal data collection and analysis over time. Panels are often used in market research to track trends and changes in consumer behavior.

Question 14

The question,"How did the American people rate the performance of George W.Bush immediately after the war in Afghanistan?" would be addressed using a ________.However,a ________ would be used to address the question,"How did the American people change their view of Bush's performance during the war in Afghanistan?"

Accepted Answer

The first question, which asks about the rating of George W. Bush's performance at a specific point in time, would be best addressed using a cross-sectional design, as it captures a snapshot of opinions at that moment. The second question, which inquires about how views changed over time, necessitates a longitudinal design, as it tracks changes in opinions across different time periods.

Question 15

________ is the variation between the true mean value in the population of the variable of interest and the observed mean value obtained in the marketing research project.

Accepted Answer

Total error encompasses all types of errors, including measurement and recording errors, that contribute to the difference between the true mean and the observed mean in a research project.

Question 16

________ is the most used descriptive design in marketing research.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional design is the most commonly used descriptive design in marketing research. It involves collecting data from a sample of the population at a single point in time. This design provides a snapshot of the population's characteristics, behaviors, and attitudes at that particular moment. Longitudinal designs, on the other hand, involve collecting data from the same sample over an extended period, while exploratory designs are used to gather preliminary information about a phenomenon or problem.

Question 17

________ is a cross-sectional design in which one sample of respondents is drawn from the target population and information is obtained from this sample once.

Accepted Answer

A single cross-sectional design involves taking one sample from the target population and collecting data from this sample only once. This is in contrast to a multiple cross-sectional design where multiple samples are taken from the population at different points in time, and cohort analysis which involves following a specific group of people (a cohort) over a period of time.

Question 18

According to your text,non-representativeness in panels may arise because of all of the following except ________.

Accepted Answer

The text mentions that non-representativeness in panels may arise due to mortality, refusal to cooperate, and payment, but does not cite respondent intelligence as a possible factor.

Question 19

Sometimes the term ________ is used interchangeably with the term longitudinal design.

Accepted Answer

A panel study is a longitudinal design where the same individuals are surveyed or tested repeatedly over time. Therefore, the term panel can be used interchangeably with longitudinal design. Experiment and survey are different types of research designs that may or may not involve repeated measures over time.

Question 20

________ is a type of non-sampling error arising from respondents who do respond but give inaccurate answers,or their answers are mis-recorded or mis-analyzed.It may be defined as the variation between the true mean value of the variable in the net sample and the observed mean value obtained in the marketing research project.

Accepted Answer

Response error occurs when respondents give inaccurate answers or their answers are mis-recorded or mis-analyzed. This can result in a variation between the true mean value of the variable in the net sample and the observed mean value obtained in the marketing research project. Non-sampling error (choice C) encompasses all other types of errors that can occur in a research project, including errors due to data entry, coding, or analysis. Random sampling error (choice A) occurs due to chance fluctuations in the sample, while non-response error (choice B) occurs when some members of the sample do not respond to the survey. Neither of these are directly related to inaccurate or mis-recorded responses.

Quiz 3: Research Design