Question 1

An introduction is a short summary of the study that allows readers to decide if the article is relevant to their literature review without reading the entire article.

Accepted Answer

An introduction provides background information, sets the context, and states the purpose and objectives of the study, but it does not summarize the entire article. The abstract typically serves the purpose of summarizing the study for relevance.

Question 2

Taking a specific result from another study and using it to make a more general prediction for the research question of interest is inductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning involves using specific observations or data to form a more general conclusion or prediction. Therefore, taking a specific result from another study and using it to make a more general prediction for the research question of interest is an example of inductive reasoning.

Question 3

Describe how you would conduct a literature review for the research question "Do symptoms of depression improve with cognitive therapy?"

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

The methods section provides a summary of the data (often in tables or figures) and information about the statistical tests that were performed to analyze the data.

Accepted Answer

The methods section typically describes the procedures and techniques used in the research, including data collection and analysis methods, but summaries of data and statistical test results are usually found in the results section.

Question 5

Google Scholar will search the Web for academic journals and books to find articles relevant to a topic or written by a specific author.

Accepted Answer

Google Scholar is a specialized search engine that is designed to find scholarly literature, including articles, theses, books, and conference papers from academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities, and other scholarly organizations. It does not search the entire web, but instead focuses on academic resources and materials. Users can search for specific topics, authors, or publications, and can also use advanced search options to refine their results.

Question 6

Detail and discussion of what one should include in the results section of an empirical research article.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Empirical journal articles are considered secondary sources for research information because they are written by the researchers who conducted the research and details of the study are provided.

Accepted Answer

Empirical journal articles are considered primary sources for research information because they are reporting the original research conducted by the authors. Secondary sources are articles or books that summarize or analyze primary sources.

Question 8

Explain the difference between an empirical journal article and a popular magazine article.

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

Explain the difference between theory-driven and data-driven hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

Theory-driven hypotheses are made from the predictions of a theory.

Accepted Answer

Theory-driven hypotheses are generated based on the predictions derived from an existing theory. These hypotheses are then tested against empirical observations to confirm or refute the theory.

Question 11

Explain the difference between descriptive and causal hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Researchers should consider how appropriate their question is for both scientific methods and the specific field of study before moving on to designing a study.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

Conducting a literature review will ensure that a new study will add to the knowledge in an area without duplicating what is already known.

Accepted Answer

Conducting a literature review allows researchers to identify gaps in knowledge and build upon existing research rather than duplicating it. Therefore, it ensures that new studies contribute to the advancement of knowledge in a particular area.

Question 14

The review process for book chapters is variable and may not be as rigorous as that for journal articles.

Accepted Answer

Book chapters are often reviewed by the editor of the book or by one or two experts in the field, but the process may not be as standardized or rigorous as that for peer-reviewed journal articles.

Question 15

If researchers are interested in the causes of behavior, they state a prediction about a particular cause of behavior and are using data-driven theory.

Accepted Answer

Researchers interested in the causes of behavior typically formulate hypotheses based on existing theories or previous findings, rather than using a purely data-driven approach. Data-driven theory involves generating theories after observing patterns in data, not before.

Question 16

A theory-driven hypothesis involves inductive reasoning in that a researcher is taking a general statement about behavior (the theory) and making a specific prediction (the hypothesis) about the study from this general statement.

Accepted Answer

A theory-driven hypothesis involves deductive reasoning, where the researcher uses a theory to predict a specific outcome in a study. Inductive reasoning is used when a researcher observes a pattern or trend in data and develops a theory to explain it.

Question 17

Research questions are never descriptive.

Accepted Answer

Research questions can be descriptive, exploratory, comparative, or explanatory. Descriptive research questions seek to describe a particular phenomenon, group, or situation, while exploratory, comparative, and explanatory research questions seek to understand, compare, or explain the relationships between variables.

Question 18

Explain why a Google search will not provide a good literature review of a topic area in psychology?

Accepted Answer

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Question 19

Explanations of behavior that need to be tested can guide research questions.

Accepted Answer

Explanations of behavior that need to be tested provide a clear direction for research questions to explore and test the validity of the explanation.

Question 20

Discuss the purpose of review articles in terms of conducting a literature review.

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 2: Hypothesis Development: Where Research Questions Come From