Question 1

Religious brotherhoods

Accepted Answer

Religious brotherhoods were focused on promoting peaceful and charitable relations among their members, as well as providing assistance to those in need, often through charitable works. Unlike guilds or banks, membership was not limited to any particular profession or economic status, and while they may have held public processions or ceremonies, their focus was more on charitable work than public displays. Religious schedules and attendance policies varied based on the particular brotherhood, but many did require regular meetings or participation in religious services. While they may have originated in rural areas, brotherhoods were present in urban areas as well.

Question 2

All of the following are true of the Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life except that

Accepted Answer

The Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life were not a sect of flagellants, but rather a lay religious community founded by Geert Groote in the 14th century. They focused on individual piety, copying books, and teaching in schools, and their devotio moderna spirituality is embodied in The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis. They did not advocate strict control by clerical authorities, but rather emphasized broad participation by the laity in their religious practices.

Question 3

Survey the main elements of the Catholic reform movement, the long tradition of moral reform, the new religious orders, mysticism, the development of the baroque, and the importance of the Council of Trent.

Accepted Answer

The formulation of the question gives students a simple checklist to follow.A more ambitious and intellectually worthwhile question would simply be "Explain the Counter-Reformation."

Question 4

Discuss the career of Saint Ignatius Loyola and the work of the Jesuits, including their contribution to Catholic reform.

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Question 5

Explain the state of Western Christianity on the eve of the Reformation.

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

Referring to El Greco's The Burial of the Count de Orgaz, how does the painting express the Christian understanding of death?

Accepted Answer

The painting depicts important saints, including Saint Augustine and Saint Stephen, symbolically acting on the soul's admission into heaven. This is a representation of the Christian understanding that the soul is not alone in its journey to heaven, but is aided by important figures and saintly intervention. The painting also portrays the physical body in a supplicant pose, emphasizing the belief that the soul and body are separate entities and that the physical body must continue to submit to death.

Question 7

In the late Middle Ages

Accepted Answer

All of these statements are true regarding women and religion during the late Middle Ages. Some women, such as Catherine of Siena and Julian of Norwich, were recognized for their spiritual insights and held great influence in society. Convents were more common than monasteries and served as a refuge for women seeking education and a sense of empowerment. The Beguines, while often living in independent communities, were viewed with suspicion and accused of heresy. Finally, some critics voiced concern over the practice of forcing women into convents against their will.

Question 8

Taking into account the written record of "The Twelve Articles, " what was the peasants' understanding of the principle of "by Scripture alone" and how did this influence the way in which they envisioned church life in their villages?

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Question 9

The feast of Corpus Christi honors

Accepted Answer

Corpus Christi is a celebration of the body and blood of Christ in the Holy Eucharist. It is a Catholic holiday that commemorates the institution of the Eucharist by Jesus during the Last Supper.

Question 10

Luther rejected Catholic teaching on

Accepted Answer

Luther rejected the Catholic teaching on the priesthood and the interpretation of Scripture.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is not true?

Accepted Answer

This statement is not true as Luther firmly believed that faith in Jesus Christ was the key to salvation and entrance into heaven.

Question 12

What were some of the distinctive ideas of John Calvin, and what attitude toward business activity did they tend to foster?

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

Which of the following was fundamental to the religious reform movement of this time?

Accepted Answer

Correct doctrine and orderliness in personal behavior was a central focus of the religious reform movement at this time, as reformers sought to return to a purer form of Christianity and eradicate perceived corruptions within the church. This led to calls for greater adherence to traditional religious practices, such as regular attendance of church services and stricter adherence to moral codes. Emphasis on the community of worshippers was also important, but this was largely a means to achieve the broader goal of religious reform. Individual belief did not replace religious participation, and state power was not seen as the source of religious reform (in fact, many reformers sought to limit the power of the state in religious matters). Inquisitions were sometimes used as a tool of religious reform, but this was not fundamental to the movement as a whole.

Question 14

Explain Luther's break with the Catholic Church and his construction of an alternative Christian church.

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

Pope Leo X and Emperor Charles V

Accepted Answer

Pope Leo X and Emperor Charles V both opposed Luther's ideas, and eventually led to his excommunication and being placed under imperial ban. This further escalated tensions between Luther and the Catholic Church, leading to the formation of the Protestant Reformation.

Question 16

Discuss the political theologies of the various main churches.What were there conceptions of the relation between Church and State?

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Question 17

Summarize the course of the Reformation in England, from the matrimonial problems of Henry VIII to the imposition of Protestantism in its Anglican form by Elizabeth.

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Question 18

Discuss the development of Anabaptism and its major figures.What was revolutionary about it?

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Question 19

Explain the confessionalization of religion during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation.

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

The founder of the Reformation, Martin Luther, originally was

Accepted Answer

Martin Luther was an obscure theology professor who suffered from his own spiritual struggles, particularly regarding the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences. He eventually came to reject many Catholic teachings and sparked the Protestant Reformation.

Quiz 14: The Age of the Reformation