Question 1

In a multileveled completely randomized design:

Accepted Answer

In a multileveled completely randomized design, there can be two or more levels of the independent variable. The design also involves randomly assigning participants to each level of the independent variable. There is typically only one dependent variable in this type of design.

Question 2

Which of the following is an important statistical prerequisite for applying post hoc tests?

Accepted Answer

Post hoc tests are used after rejecting the null hypothesis in an ANOVA to find out which specific groups differ from each other.

Question 3

If you wanted to examine the difference between students who were exposed to a lab in research methods versus those who were not, and those involved in empirical research versus those who were not, you would use a ____.

Accepted Answer

A factorial design is used when researchers want to study the effects of two or more independent variables simultaneously to see if there is an interaction effect between them. In this case, the two independent variables are exposure to a lab in research methods and involvement in empirical research.

Question 4

Post hoc tests are not applicable when:

Accepted Answer

Post hoc tests are conducted after rejecting the null hypothesis in an ANOVA to determine which specific groups differ significantly from each other. Hence, they are not applicable when the null hypothesis is retained (option B), or when the experiment only has two conditions (option A), or when p>.05 (type I error rate).

Question 5

The following is what type of experimental design?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The following is what type of experimental...

Question 6

A professor was interested in whether caffeine affected test performance. To test this possibility, he gave students a test and asked them whether they had consumed caffeine in the hour before the test. He then compared the performance of those students who had taken caffeine to those who had not. Why is this not a true experiment?

Accepted Answer

The study lacks random assignment to groups, which is a necessary component of a true experiment to ensure that groups are equivalent and any differences in performance can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable (in this case, caffeine consumption).

Question 7

Consider an experiment in which research participants were randomly assigned to one of three memory strategy training groups. After two weeks of training, participants were given a memory test. Analysis of variance indicated a significant effect of group. What further test would you perform?

Accepted Answer

Since there is a significant effect of group, a post hoc test would be necessary to determine which specific groups differed significantly from each other.

Question 8

The following is what type of experimental design?

Accepted Answer

The experimental design appears to be a completely randomized design, as there is no indication of grouping or randomization within groups.

Question 9

In a study with more than two levels of the independent variable, comparisons of pairs of means that are planned before the study is performed are called:

Accepted Answer

Planned comparisons of pairs of means before the study is performed are called a priori tests. Post hoc tests are conducted after the study is completed to compare all possible pairs of means. F tests are used to test the overall significance of the differences between groups in an ANOVA. Pretests are used to measure baseline levels before an intervention is administered.

Question 10

A completely randomized design is:

Accepted Answer

A completely randomized design is a type of between-subjects design where participants are randomly assigned to different conditions.

Question 11

In between-subjects designs:

Accepted Answer

In between-subjects designs, participants are each assigned to only one level of the independent variable, making choice B the correct option. In contrast, choice A is not always true since there can be designs with just two levels, and choice C is describing within-subjects designs. Choice D is incorrect since an experiment with just one independent variable can still be a between-subjects design if participants are only exposed to one level of that variable.

Question 12

A multilevel completely randomized design is analyzed by using a:

Accepted Answer

A multilevel completely randomized design, where there is one factor but several levels of this factor, is best analyzed using a single-factor ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). This statistical method is used to determine if there are any statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent (unrelated) groups.

Question 13

The type of experimental design that allows us to examine the effects of more than one independent variable both individually and collectively is called:

Accepted Answer

A factorial design allows us to manipulate and vary more than one independent variable simultaneously and observe the effects of each variable both individually and collectively.

Question 14

Another name for an independent variable is:

Accepted Answer

An independent variable is also referred to as a factor, as it is the variable being manipulated or changed in an experiment to see its effect on the dependent variable. Choices A, C, and D are not accurate synonyms for an independent variable.

Question 15

The null hypothesis for a three-level design would be:

Accepted Answer

The null hypothesis for a three-level design is typically that there is no significant difference between the groups, meaning that Group 1 is equal to Group 2 is equal to Group 3. Choice A and B indicate that one group is greater or less than the others, which is not the null hypothesis. Choice D is not a proper statement of the null hypothesis.

Question 16

Between-subjects designs allow the researcher to:

Accepted Answer

Between-subjects designs compare different groups of subjects, which helps to determine any differences or effects between those groups.

Question 17

In a factorial design, each participant receives:

Accepted Answer

In a factorial design, each participant receives a specified level of each independent variable, allowing for the examination of the main effects of each independent variable as well as any interaction effects between them. Pretests and posttests are not necessarily included in a factorial design, and dependent variables are measured, not manipulated.

Question 18

Factorial designs must have:

Accepted Answer

Factorial designs are characterized by the study of two or more independent variables to observe their effects on the dependent variables, not necessarily requiring more than one dependent variable or more than two levels of the independent variable.

Question 19

In within-subjects designs:

Accepted Answer

Within-subjects designs involve giving different levels of the independent variable to the same group of research participants, and each individual typically contributes more than one measure of the dependent variable. Therefore, all of the choices (A, B, and C) are correct.

Question 20

The study by Bransford and Johnson is described in the chapter as having a:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The study by Bransford and Johnson is...

Quiz 9: Constructivist Learning Theory, Problem Solving, and Transfer

In a multileveled completely randomized design:

Which of the following is an important statistical prerequisite for applying post hoc tests?

If you wanted to examine the difference between students who were exposed to a lab in research methods versus those who were not, and those involved in empirical research versus those who were not, you would use a ____.

Post hoc tests are not applicable when:

The following is what type of experimental design?

Consider an experiment in which research participants were randomly assigned to one of three memory strategy training groups. After two weeks of training, participants were given a memory test. Analysis of variance indicated a significant effect of group. What further test would you perform?

The following is what type of experimental design?

In a study with more than two levels of the independent variable, comparisons of pairs of means that are planned before the study is performed are called:

A completely randomized design is:

In between-subjects designs:

A multilevel completely randomized design is analyzed by using a:

The type of experimental design that allows us to examine the effects of more than one independent variable both individually and collectively is called:

Another name for an independent variable is:

The null hypothesis for a three-level design would be:

Between-subjects designs allow the researcher to:

In a factorial design, each participant receives:

Factorial designs must have:

In within-subjects designs:

The study by Bransford and Johnson is described in the chapter as having a: