Question 1

Clinicians and researchers can sometimes fall prey to the error of concluding that a treatment worked when the evidence for this inference is insufficient. According to Carl Rogers, this refers to:
A) treatment sensitive factorial structure.
B) range restriction.
C) construct confounding.
D) counselor bias.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as counselor bias, where the clinician's desire to see positive outcomes may lead them to interpret ambiguous or inconclusive data as evidence of treatment success.

Question 2

There is a lack of objective evidence to conclude that research has enhanced the practice of counseling.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies and meta-analyses have shown that research has significantly contributed to the effectiveness of counseling practices by identifying effective therapies, techniques, and interventions, thus enhancing the practice of counseling.

Question 3

Statistically, the nine components of the research training environment that are operationalized by the Research Training Environment Scale (RTES), and its revision, (RTES-R) can be reduced to just two factors: instructional dimension and interpersonal dimension.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. The RTES and RTES-R have been found to have two underlying factors: instructional dimension and interpersonal dimension.

Question 4

Gelso and Fretz (2001) proposed a three-level model of how research functions for counselors. Identify the third level in this model.
A) It involves counselors being able to consume and apply research in their work with clients.
B) It involves counselors being able to use critical thinking to develop and test hypotheses during their work with clients.
C) It involves counselors being able to conduct empirical studies and to present the research findings.
D) It involves counselors being able to utilize scientific thinking within their practice and research activities.

Accepted Answer

The third level in Gelso and Fretz's model involves counselors being able to conduct empirical studies and to present the research findings. This level pertains to counselors who engage in research activities themselves, rather than just consuming and applying research or using critical thinking to develop hypotheses. It emphasizes the importance of counselors contributing new knowledge to the field through research.

Question 5

Belief in the utility of research is a critically important factor in the process of becoming a competent researcher.

Accepted Answer

Believing in the usefulness of research motivates individuals to conduct studies with rigor and diligence, which in turn increases the quality of the research produced. This is why belief in the utility of research is considered vital for becoming a competent researcher.

Question 6

According to Gelso, Baumann, Chui, and Savela (2013), which of the following components of graduate training programs fosters positive attitudes toward research among students?
A) Teaching students the segregation of science and clinical practice
B) Teaching a uniform approach to research
C) Emphasizing that all studies are limited and flawed
D) Encouraging gradual but rigorous involvement in research

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Gelso, Baumann, Chui, and Savela...

Question 7

The clinical science model is similar to the scientist-practitioner model in theory, but places even more emphasis on science.

Accepted Answer

The clinical science model emphasizes the importance of using research and scientific methods to inform clinical practice, similar to the scientist-practitioner model. However, the clinical science model places even more emphasis on science and research, with a specific focus on studying the causes and mechanisms of psychological disorders.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of the scientist-practitioner model of training in counseling?
A) It stresses the importance of discussing research findings with academic supervisors, but on a confidential basis.
B) It emphasizes the publishing of reports that give a positive result regarding efficacy of a new treatment, instead of the negative trials.
C) It emphasizes systematic and thoughtful analyses of human experiences and judicious application of the knowledge and attitudes gained from such analyses.
D) It adopts a subjective approach to create a scientific report such that it gives a predicted result and suppresses the contradictory evidences.

Accepted Answer

The scientist-practitioner model of training in counseling emphasizes systematic and thoughtful analyses of human experiences and judicious application of the knowledge and attitudes gained from such analyses. It does not stress the importance of discussing research findings with academic supervisors on a confidential basis, as research findings are typically disseminated through publications and presentations. It also does not prioritize publishing only positive results, as negative trials are important for informing future research and treatment development. Additionally, the scientist-practitioner model does not adopt a subjective approach to create a scientific report and suppress contradictory evidence, as the goal is to use rigorous scientific methods to understand and improve counseling practice.

Question 9

In the context of positive training environment for research, counseling students should be encouraged to utilize qualitative methods of research over quantitative methods.

Accepted Answer

There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question as both qualitative and quantitative methods of research have their strengths and limitations. Counseling students should be encouraged to choose the research method that aligns with their research question, purpose, and objectives. They should also be trained to use both qualitative and quantitative methods effectively and ethically. A positive training environment for research should prioritize critical thinking, creativity, rigor, and reflexivity, regardless of the research method used.

Question 10

According to Kahn (2001), the relationship of a student with his or her mentor is significantly associated with his or her scholarly activity through research self-efficacy.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true according to Kahn's (2001) study.

Question 11

Identify a factor that was included in the short version of the revised Research Training Environment Scale (RTES-R) by Kahn and Miller (2000).
A) Subjective dimension
B) Structural dimension
C) Instructional dimension
D) Global dimension

Accepted Answer

The short version of the revised Research Training Environment Scale (RTES-R) includes the instructional dimension, which assesses the level of support and guidance provided by the research environment to enhance trainees' research skills and knowledge. The other dimensions (subjective, structural, and global) are not included in the short version of the scale.

Question 12

The importance of science in the psychology field has experienced a steep decline over the past few decades.

Accepted Answer

The importance of science in the psychology field has actually increased over the past few decades, with a greater emphasis on empirical research methods and evidence-based practice.

Question 13

A qualitative study conducted by Schlosser et al. (2003) to analyze the satisfaction among graduate students about their relationships with their respective advisors showed that:
A) unsatisfied students sought out external resources in spite of their advisors being able to meet their needs.
B) unsatisfied students were found typically to have infrequent individual meetings.
C) satisfied students were assigned to their advisors.
D) satisfied students avoided conflict in advisory relationships.

Accepted Answer

The study conducted by Schlosser et al. (2003) found that unsatisfied students typically had infrequent individual meetings with their advisors. The study did not mention the other options as factors influencing satisfaction among graduate students with their advisors.

Question 14

Research self-efficacy is defined as:
A) the belief in the importance of research.
B) the confidence in one's ability to successfully complete various research-related tasks.
C) a person's interest in participating or engaging in research.
D) the amount of research a person engages in.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in their ability to successfully complete specific tasks or achieve certain goals. In the case of research self-efficacy, it refers to a person's confidence in their ability to effectively conduct research-related tasks such as designing studies, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results. It is not about the belief in the importance of research (A), the interest in participating in research (C), or the amount of research a person engages in (D).

Question 15

In evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP), in addition to client characteristics, it is also important to consider the client's values, religious beliefs, worldviews, goals, and treatment preferences when determining the best available treatment for the client.

Accepted Answer

In evidence-based practice in psychology, it is important to consider not only client characteristics but also their values, religious beliefs, worldviews, goals, and treatment preferences when deciding on the best available treatment for the client. This approach, known as culturally sensitive and responsive psychotherapy, allows for treatment to be tailored to the client's individual needs and may improve treatment outcomes.

Question 16

Critical thinking skills, one of the hallmarks of graduate work in counseling, refer to:
A) the ability to develop and use mathematical arguments and proofs to explore the truth of conjectures and justify conclusions.
B) the ability to identify and process information with fewer biases, to formulate hypotheses, to gather data, and to make informed decisions.
C) the ability to volunteer to help on research projects and to learn advanced skills.
D) the ability to be open to learning more about the research process as well as the research literature.

Accepted Answer

Critical thinking skills involve being able to analyze information objectively, identify potential biases, formulate hypotheses, gather data, and make informed decisions based on that data. It is an essential skill for graduate-level work in counseling, where students must be able to evaluate research studies, formulate treatment plans based on client needs, and assess the effectiveness of their interventions. Option A describes mathematical reasoning skills, which are not directly related to counseling work. Option C describes willingness to participate in research projects and learn new skills, but not necessarily the ability to analyze information critically. Option D is important for any field of study, but it alone is not enough to develop critical thinking skills.

Question 17

In the context of common student reactions, the false dichotomous conceptualization of science versus practice helps students to be better equipped for the counseling profession.

Accepted Answer

The false dichotomy of science versus practice can actually hinder students' ability to integrate theoretical knowledge with practical skills in the counseling profession. Emphasizing the importance of integrating both science and practice can lead to better clinical outcomes for clients.

Question 18

In its ideal form, the scientist-practitioner model has a _____ split of performing science and practice activities.
A) 50-50
B) 40-60
C) 60-40
D) 75-25

Accepted Answer

The scientist-practitioner model, in its ideal form, aims for a balanced 50-50 split between performing science (research) and practice (clinical work) activities. This model emphasizes the importance of integrating scientific research and clinical practice in the field of psychology and related disciplines.

Question 19

According to Kahn (2001), which of the following factors is directly associated with scholarly activity of students?
A) Relationship with mentor
B) Research self-efficacy
C) Research training environment
D) Investigative interest

Accepted Answer

According to Kahn (2001), research self-efficacy is directly associated with scholarly activity of students. The other factors listed (relationship with mentor, research training environment, investigative interest) may also be important, but the question specifically asks for the factor directly associated with scholarly activity.

Quiz 2: Research Training: Joys and Challenges

Clinicians and researchers can sometimes fall prey to the error of concluding that a treatment worked when the evidence for this inference is insufficient. According to Carl Rogers, this refers to:

There is a lack of objective evidence to conclude that research has enhanced the practice of counseling.

Statistically, the nine components of the research training environment that are operationalized by the Research Training Environment Scale (RTES), and its revision, (RTES-R) can be reduced to just two factors: instructional dimension and interpersonal dimension.

Gelso and Fretz (2001) proposed a three-level model of how research functions for counselors. Identify the third level in this model.

Belief in the utility of research is a critically important factor in the process of becoming a competent researcher.

According to Gelso, Baumann, Chui, and Savela (2013) , which of the following components of graduate training programs fosters positive attitudes toward research among students?

The clinical science model is similar to the scientist-practitioner model in theory, but places even more emphasis on science.

Which of the following is true of the scientist-practitioner model of training in counseling?

In the context of positive training environment for research, counseling students should be encouraged to utilize qualitative methods of research over quantitative methods.

According to Kahn (2001), the relationship of a student with his or her mentor is significantly associated with his or her scholarly activity through research self-efficacy.

Identify a factor that was included in the short version of the revised Research Training Environment Scale (RTES-R) by Kahn and Miller (2000) .

The importance of science in the psychology field has experienced a steep decline over the past few decades.

A qualitative study conducted by Schlosser et al. (2003) to analyze the satisfaction among graduate students about their relationships with their respective advisors showed that:

Research self-efficacy is defined as:

In evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP), in addition to client characteristics, it is also important to consider the client's values, religious beliefs, worldviews, goals, and treatment preferences when determining the best available treatment for the client.

Critical thinking skills, one of the hallmarks of graduate work in counseling, refer to:

In the context of common student reactions, the false dichotomous conceptualization of science versus practice helps students to be better equipped for the counseling profession.

In its ideal form, the scientist-practitioner model has a _____ split of performing science and practice activities.

According to Kahn (2001) , which of the following factors is directly associated with scholarly activity of students?