The existence of any "gains from trade" relies on

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The concept of gains from trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage. This means that countries can benefit from specializing in the production of goods and services where they have a lower opportunity cost (in terms of the potential production of other goods and services). As a result, both countries can produce more of both goods, and trade between them can lead to an increase in overall welfare. The existence of closed economies, absolute advantage, or tariffs do not necessarily create gains from trade.

The Existence of Any "Gains from Trade" Relies on