Question 1

Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) ________ emotion.

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions involve feelings that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others' reactions to us. Mario bringing his teddy bear to comfort his mother demonstrates empathy and understanding, which are aspects of self-conscious emotions.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions like guilt, shame, and embarrassment are unique in that they involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated. This means that these emotions require an understanding of social norms, rules, and expectations. They typically emerge around 18-24 months of age when children become more aware of their own and others' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. A, B, and C are all incorrect statements about self-conscious emotions.

Question 3

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in ________.

Accepted Answer

Emotions are important for the organization of a baby's behavior. For example, feeling hunger or discomfort will signal the baby to cry, and their parents or caregivers will respond by providing food, a diaper change, or comfort. This helps the baby learn how to regulate their emotions and behaviors, and eventually leads to greater independence. Emotions also help babies establish social connections with others and learn reciprocity, but this is not as important in infancy as behavioral organization.

Question 4

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend who has come over for a play date teases her about wearing nighttime diapers. This is an example of ________ emotions.

Accepted Answer

Other-conscious emotions, such as shame, guilt, and pride, involve awareness of other people's reactions or standards. Makiko's feeling of shame due to her friend's teasing is an example of an other-conscious emotion because it involves her awareness of and reaction to another person's evaluation of her.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true of crying?

Accepted Answer

Crying is a critical communication tool for newborns and provides insights into their neurological health. It can indicate normal development or potential issues with the central nervous system.

Question 6

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. What do researchers call this smile?

Accepted Answer

Researchers call this smile a social smile because it is a learned response and represents the baby's ability to engage socially with others. It is different from a reflexive smile, which occurs when a baby's facial muscles involuntarily contract, and an attachment smile, which is a special smile directed towards a specific caregiver. A trust smile is not commonly used by researchers.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

Accepted Answer

Biological evolution has endowed human beings with emotions as a means of survival and communication. Emotions allow us to respond quickly to potentially dangerous situations and help us form social bonds. Self-conscious emotions such as shame and pride develop later in childhood, and while social relationships do play a role in the development of emotions, they are not the only setting in which emotions are formed. Embeddedness in relationships can actually lead to a greater diversity of emotional experiences.

Question 8

Molly is an 18-month-old child who shows an "other-conscious" emotion when her caregiver praises her for doing a certain task in the presence of other children her age. Identify the emotion being described in this scenario.

Accepted Answer

The emotion being described in the scenario is pride, as Molly is displaying a positive emotion in response to praise in front of her peers. The focus on her actions being recognized by others her age indicates a sense of accomplishment and self-evaluation.

Question 9

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

Accepted Answer

The term "synchronous" is commonly used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants, where both parties are attuned to each other's cues and respond accordingly in a smooth and coordinated manner. This concept is linked to the idea of "joint attention," where both the parent and the infant are focused on the same object or event, and the parent's actions and vocalizations are closely tied to the infant's engagement and responses. This synchronous interaction is important for building attachment and promoting healthy socio-emotional development in infants.

Question 10

Nikita is 18 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, ________.

Accepted Answer

At 18 months old, Nikita is likely experiencing the emotion of fear when strangers come near her. This is a common early emotion for babies to display as they are still learning about their environment and what is safe or dangerous.

Question 11

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

Accepted Answer

Emotions play an important role in communication during infancy as babies use their facial expressions, body language, and vocalizations to convey their needs and emotions. They may also respond differently to different emotional expressions from others, which helps them to learn to understand and communicate with others. Cognition, sensation, and suckling are also important during infancy, but they do not rely as heavily on emotions.

Question 12

A social smile differs from a reflexive smile in that a social smile

Accepted Answer

A social smile is a response to an external stimulus, such as seeing a parent's face or hearing a familiar voice, indicating the baby's engagement with their environment. Reflexive smiles, on the other hand, can occur without external stimuli and are often seen during sleep in the early weeks of life.

Question 13

Most ________ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions, such as embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt, typically begin to emerge in the second half of the first year through the second year of life as children start to develop a sense of self-awareness.

Question 14

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a ________ smile.

Accepted Answer

A reflexive smile is an automatic response to a stimulus, such as a baby's facial muscles moving in response to internal sensations or random movements. It is not related to any emotion or social interaction, but rather a natural reflex. As Mai is only one month old, it is unlikely that she is smiling due to social interaction or an understanding of emotions, making reflexive smile the most appropriate option.

Question 15

The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to

Accepted Answer

The gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex is crucial in the development of an infant's ability to regulate emotions. This area of the brain is responsible for executive functioning, decision-making, and impulse control, all of which are necessary for emotional regulation. As the frontal regions mature, infants become more adept at regulating their emotions, and they are better able to manage their behavior in response to emotional stimuli.

Question 16

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is

Accepted Answer

A sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding is often an indication of physical discomfort or pain in infants. It is important to check for common discomforts such as hunger, diaper rash, or temperature changes to soothe the baby.

Question 17

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as ________.

Accepted Answer

Emotions are temporary states of feeling that occur in response to a particular event or situation and are important to an individual's well-being. Temperament refers to a person's natural tendencies, while personality traits are enduring patterns of behavior and thought. Feeling states are similar to emotions but may not be tied to a specific event or situation.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

Accepted Answer

Emotions are generally classified as positive or negative. This is a common way of categorizing emotions and is supported by research in affective neuroscience, psychology, and sociology. Positive emotions generally refer to feelings of pleasure, happiness, or contentment, while negative emotions refer to feelings of discomfort, sadness, or fear.

Question 19

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on an infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?

Accepted Answer

Experts like Jerome Kagan argue that the structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely for infants to experience complex emotions such as guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year of life. These emotions require a level of cognitive and emotional development that infants have not yet achieved.

Question 20

Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that ________ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.

Accepted Answer

According to Jerome Kagan and other experts on infant socioemotional development, the structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year. The brain continues to develop and mature throughout the first year, and until certain areas are fully developed, more complex emotions such as empathy and guilt are unlikely to be experienced.

Quiz 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) ________ emotion.

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in ________.

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend who has come over for a play date teases her about wearing nighttime diapers. This is an example of ________ emotions.

Which of the following statements is true of crying?

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. What do researchers call this smile?

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

Molly is an 18-month-old child who shows an "other-conscious" emotion when her caregiver praises her for doing a certain task in the presence of other children her age. Identify the emotion being described in this scenario.

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

Nikita is 18 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, ________.

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

A social smile differs from a reflexive smile in that a social smile

Most ________ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a ________ smile.

The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as ________.

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on an infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?

Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that ________ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.