Question 1

When the term "justice" is used, there is often confusion stemming from the fact that there are two significantly different types of "justice," ______________ justice and substantive justice.

Accepted Answer

procedural

Question 2

This chapter suggests that government "ought" to strive to be both effective and ___________________.

Accepted Answer

just or fair

Question 3

Your text suggests that costs are easy to calculate but benefits are not.

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that both costs and benefits can be difficult to accurately predict and calculate, but notes that benefits may be particularly challenging to quantify and measure.

Question 4

The mechanism in American politics that enables us to know exactly HOW we will be dealt with in a legal situation is called _______________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The mechanism in American politics that enables...

Question 5

An "effective" policy is defined in your text as the one that gives the state and the people of the state the greatest _______________ at the least cost.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An "effective" policy is defined in your...

Question 6

Need-based scholarships, water pollution, children as an externality, and gender-based pensions are used in the text as examples of the state's use of _____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Need-based scholarships, water pollution, children as an...

Question 7

Policy evaluation, to be effective, must account for ALL costs and benefits - not just the intended costs and benefits.

Accepted Answer

Policy evaluation must take into account all costs and benefits, including unintended consequences and externalities, in order to accurately assess the overall impact of the policy. Failing to consider all costs and benefits can lead to inaccurate or incomplete evaluations, and potentially harmful policy decisions.

Question 8

The objectives of creating a "just" and "effective" political system are squarely normative in nature and suffer when we strive to create empirical definitions for both terms.

Accepted Answer

The objectives of creating a "just" and "effective" political system are subjective and based on normative values and principles, and cannot be defined solely through empirical data or measurements.

Question 9

Your text suggests that the right to survive, the right to free speech and the right to privacy are a category of rights designated _______________________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your text suggests that the right to...

Question 10

Which of the following would be a violation of due process in a criminal trial in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Due process in the United States requires that individuals have the right to appeal a court's decision, making a judgment potentially not final if contested. This ensures that errors or injustices in the trial process can be reviewed and possibly corrected by higher courts.

Question 11

Markets are good at:

Accepted Answer

Markets are efficient at letting supply and demand determine prices. This mechanism helps in allocating resources efficiently and signals producers to increase or decrease production based on consumer demand.

Question 12

Justice in a broad sense may require that, to be just to most of the people, the state must be less just to some people.

Accepted Answer

This statement reflects the concept of distributive justice, which holds that resources and benefits should be allocated in a way that promotes the overall well-being of society, even if it means that some individuals or groups do not receive their "fair share." In other words, achieving justice for the majority may require sacrificing justice for some individuals or minority groups.

Question 13

If a policy must distribute benefits unevenly (to any degree), your text raises the very real dilemma turning on the basis for differentiating. This requires government to settle on one of two criteria: either on the basis of contributions or on the basis of ________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a policy must distribute benefits unevenly...

Question 14

A policy will meet the test of fairness (justice) if it consistently manifests equality.

Accepted Answer

Fairness (justice) involves more than just equality; it also requires considering equity, need, and circumstances to ensure that policies are just and appropriate for all individuals involved.

Question 15

The three "special basic rights" described in the textbook are the rights to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The three "special basic rights" described in...

Question 16

Political systems that are adamantly "democratic" will be ______________ likely to use authority-based policy making than to use market-based policy-making.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Political systems that are adamantly "democratic" will...

Question 17

Due process at its best provides a guarantee of procedural justice. It cannot assure one of substantive justice.

Accepted Answer

Due process ensures that proper procedures are followed in legal proceedings, but it does not guarantee a specific outcome or substantive justice.

Question 18

States engage in both authority-based policy-making and "market"- based policy making in an effort to get the public to make the choices and engage in the behaviors that the state finds productive.

Accepted Answer

States use a variety of tools to influence behavior, including regulation, taxation, incentives, and information campaigns. Both authority-based and market-based policies may be used to achieve these goals. Authority-based policies rely on government power to mandate behavior, whereas market-based policies rely on market incentives to encourage behavior change.

Question 19

A governmental action that is made, communicated, or carried out capriciously:

Accepted Answer

An action that is capricious is one that is taken arbitrarily, without reason or logic. Therefore, the best choice is A, which states that such an action is arbitrary. The other choices are not applicable to the given scenario.

Question 20

If the state is eager to create the appearance of NOT controlling people, it is likely to engage in ___________________ policy-making.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the state is eager to create...

Quiz 6: What Lies Behind Policy: Questions of Justice and Effectiveness